152
6 Risk Assessment and Management of Chemical Products
• The uncertainty is relatively high as many extrapolation steps had to be made.
• The assessment factor of 1000, however, is relatively conservative and may
compensate for this uncertainty.
6.8.5 Risk Management (Step 5)
To reduce the risk of adverse effects on the employees, safety measures could be
considered to reduce exposure to the dye, including:
• Using a liquid formulation of the dye or a formulation as low-dust granules
• Applying closed handling processes during dyeing
• Improving building ventilation
• Using personal protective equipment
To reduce the risk of adverse effects on the environment, risk reduction measures
that could be considered include:
• Minimizing residues of the dye in the dyeing liquor, e.g., by maximum extraction
• Adsorption to activated carbon
• Concentrating and desalinating the wastewater using reverse osmosis
While these risk reduction options focus on minimizing exposure, an alternative dye
could also be sought that has reduced inherent hazardous properties.
References
Altenburger R, Backhaus T, Boedeker W, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2000) Predictability
of the toxicity of multiple chemical mixtures to Vibrio fischeri: Mixtures composed of similarly
acting chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(9):2341–2347, https://doi.org/
10.1002/etc.5620190926, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/etc.5620190926
Anastas P, Warner J (1998) Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press
Arnot JA, Arnot M, Mackay D, Couillard Y, MacDonald D, Bonnell M, Doyle P (2010)
Molecular size cutoff criteria for screening bioaccumulation potential: Fact or fiction? Integrated
Environmental Assessment and Management 6(2):210–224, https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_
2009-051.1, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1897/IEAM_2009-051.1
Bachler G, von Goetz N, Hungerbühler K (2015) Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) modeling for dietary risk assessment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.
Nanotoxicology 9(3):373–380, https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2014.940404
Backhaus T, Faust M (2012) Predictive Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures:
A Conceptual Framework. Environmental Science & Technology 46(5):2564–2573, https://doi.
org/10.1021/es2034125, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es2034125
Backhaus T, Altenburger R, Boedeker W, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2000) Predictability
of the toxicity of a multiple mixture of dissimilarly acting chemicals to Vibrio fischeri. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(9):2348–2356, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190927
Becker L, Scheringer M, Schenker U, Hungerbühler K (2011) Assessment of the environmental
persistence and long-range transport of endosulfan. Environmental Pollution 159(6):1737–
6 Risk Assessment and Management of Chemical Products
• The uncertainty is relatively high as many extrapolation steps had to be made.
• The assessment factor of 1000, however, is relatively conservative and may
compensate for this uncertainty.
6.8.5 Risk Management (Step 5)
To reduce the risk of adverse effects on the employees, safety measures could be
considered to reduce exposure to the dye, including:
• Using a liquid formulation of the dye or a formulation as low-dust granules
• Applying closed handling processes during dyeing
• Improving building ventilation
• Using personal protective equipment
To reduce the risk of adverse effects on the environment, risk reduction measures
that could be considered include:
• Minimizing residues of the dye in the dyeing liquor, e.g., by maximum extraction
• Adsorption to activated carbon
• Concentrating and desalinating the wastewater using reverse osmosis
While these risk reduction options focus on minimizing exposure, an alternative dye
could also be sought that has reduced inherent hazardous properties.
References
Altenburger R, Backhaus T, Boedeker W, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2000) Predictability
of the toxicity of multiple chemical mixtures to Vibrio fischeri: Mixtures composed of similarly
acting chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(9):2341–2347, https://doi.org/
10.1002/etc.5620190926, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/etc.5620190926
Anastas P, Warner J (1998) Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press
Arnot JA, Arnot M, Mackay D, Couillard Y, MacDonald D, Bonnell M, Doyle P (2010)
Molecular size cutoff criteria for screening bioaccumulation potential: Fact or fiction? Integrated
Environmental Assessment and Management 6(2):210–224, https://doi.org/10.1897/IEAM_
2009-051.1, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1897/IEAM_2009-051.1
Bachler G, von Goetz N, Hungerbühler K (2015) Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) modeling for dietary risk assessment of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles.
Nanotoxicology 9(3):373–380, https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2014.940404
Backhaus T, Faust M (2012) Predictive Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures:
A Conceptual Framework. Environmental Science & Technology 46(5):2564–2573, https://doi.
org/10.1021/es2034125, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es2034125
Backhaus T, Altenburger R, Boedeker W, Faust M, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2000) Predictability
of the toxicity of a multiple mixture of dissimilarly acting chemicals to Vibrio fischeri. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(9):2348–2356, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190927
Becker L, Scheringer M, Schenker U, Hungerbühler K (2011) Assessment of the environmental
persistence and long-range transport of endosulfan. Environmental Pollution 159(6):1737–