one huge molecule consisting of the particle and the polymer coating, a mechanism
that alters the properties of the particles and the polymer molecules dramatically.
These new giant molecules have new (e.g., optical) properties, which are important for many applications. The details of the interaction between oxide nanoparticles and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at the surface are explained in
Chapter 9.
An iron oxide particle coated with PMMA is shown in Figure 4.48, where the
Fe 2 O 3 particle has a diameter of 6–7 nm and the coating thickness is 3–4 nm. This
thickness was selected to obtain a useful contrast in the electron microscope.
Thinner coatings, as are used for technical applications of superparamagnetic
iron oxide particles, provide such a poor contrast for electron microscopy that
the coating is more or less invisible. The device shown in Figure 4.47 may be set up
with more than one stage for coating; for example, it may be possible to make a first
coating of a luminescent material and a second coating of a polymeric organic layer
for protection [1]. The development of particles on which two or more functional
coatings may be combined is detailed in Chapter 9.
References
1 Vollath, D. and Szab o, D.V. (2006)
J. Nanoparticle Res., 8, 417–428.
2 Ziemann, P.J., Kittelson, D.B., and
McMurry, P.H. (1996) J. Aerosol Sci., 27,
587–606.
3 Vollath, D. (2008) J. Nanoparticle Res., 10
(Suppl. 1), 39–57.
4 Nitsche, R., Rodewald, M., Skandan, G.,
Fuessl, H., and Hahn, H. (1996)
Nanostruct. Mater., 7, 540–546.
5 Kimoto, K. (1953) J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 8,
762.
6 Eastman, J.A., Thompson, L.J., and
Marshall, D.J. (1993) Nanostruct. Mater., 2,
377–383.
7 Erhart, P. and Albe, K. (2005) Adv. Eng.
Mater., 7, 937–945.
8 Puretzky, A.A., Geohegan, D.B., Fan, X.,
and Pennycook, S.J. (2000) Appl. Phys.,
A70, 153–160.
9 Li, Q., Sasaki, T., and Koshizaki, N. (1999)
Appl. Phys., A69, 115–118.
10 Ullmann, M., Friedlander, S.K., and
Schmidt-Ott, A. (2002) J. Nanoparticle Res.,
4, 499–509.
11 Li, S. and El-Shall, M.S. (1998) Appl. Surf.
Sci., 127–129, 330–338.
12 Wang, Z., Liu, Y., and Zeng, X. (2006)
Powder Technol., 161, 65–68.
13 Vollath, D. and Sickafus, K.E. (1992)
Nanostruct. Mater., 1, 427–438.
14 Vollath, D. (1994) Mater. Res. Soc. Symp.
Proc., 347, 629.
15 MacDonald, A.D. (1966) Microwave
Breakdown in Gases, J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York.
16 Vollath, D. and Sickafus, K.E. (1993)
Nanostruct. Mater., 2, 451–456.
17 Buss, R.J. (1997) RF-Plasma Synthesis of
Nanosize Silicon Carbide and Nitride,
SAND97-0039, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
18 Matsui, I. (2006) J. Nanoparticle Res., 8,
429–443.
19 Pratsinis, S. (1998) Prog. Energy Combust.
Sci., 24, 197–219.
20 Wooldrige, M.S. (1998) Prog. Energy
Combust. Sci., 24, 63–87.
21 Vollath, D. (1989) Euro-Ceramics, 1,
1.33–1.37.
22 Vollath, D. (1999) J. Mater. Sci., 25,
2227–2232.
23 Mueller, R., Kammler, H.K., Pratsinis, S.E.,
Vital, A., Beaucage, G., and Burtscher, P.
(2004) Powder Technol., 140, 40–48.
24 Kamler, H.K., M€ adler, L., and Pratsinis, S.
E. (2001) Chem. Eng. Technol., 24,
583–596.
25 Zhu, W. and Pratsinis, S.E. (1996) ACS
Symp. Ser., 622, 64–78.
26 Pratsinis, S.E., Zhu, W., and Vemury, S.
(1996) Powder Technol., 86, 87–93.
References j87
that alters the properties of the particles and the polymer molecules dramatically.
These new giant molecules have new (e.g., optical) properties, which are important for many applications. The details of the interaction between oxide nanoparticles and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at the surface are explained in
Chapter 9.
An iron oxide particle coated with PMMA is shown in Figure 4.48, where the
Fe 2 O 3 particle has a diameter of 6–7 nm and the coating thickness is 3–4 nm. This
thickness was selected to obtain a useful contrast in the electron microscope.
Thinner coatings, as are used for technical applications of superparamagnetic
iron oxide particles, provide such a poor contrast for electron microscopy that
the coating is more or less invisible. The device shown in Figure 4.47 may be set up
with more than one stage for coating; for example, it may be possible to make a first
coating of a luminescent material and a second coating of a polymeric organic layer
for protection [1]. The development of particles on which two or more functional
coatings may be combined is detailed in Chapter 9.
References
1 Vollath, D. and Szab o, D.V. (2006)
J. Nanoparticle Res., 8, 417–428.
2 Ziemann, P.J., Kittelson, D.B., and
McMurry, P.H. (1996) J. Aerosol Sci., 27,
587–606.
3 Vollath, D. (2008) J. Nanoparticle Res., 10
(Suppl. 1), 39–57.
4 Nitsche, R., Rodewald, M., Skandan, G.,
Fuessl, H., and Hahn, H. (1996)
Nanostruct. Mater., 7, 540–546.
5 Kimoto, K. (1953) J. Phys. Soc. Japan, 8,
762.
6 Eastman, J.A., Thompson, L.J., and
Marshall, D.J. (1993) Nanostruct. Mater., 2,
377–383.
7 Erhart, P. and Albe, K. (2005) Adv. Eng.
Mater., 7, 937–945.
8 Puretzky, A.A., Geohegan, D.B., Fan, X.,
and Pennycook, S.J. (2000) Appl. Phys.,
A70, 153–160.
9 Li, Q., Sasaki, T., and Koshizaki, N. (1999)
Appl. Phys., A69, 115–118.
10 Ullmann, M., Friedlander, S.K., and
Schmidt-Ott, A. (2002) J. Nanoparticle Res.,
4, 499–509.
11 Li, S. and El-Shall, M.S. (1998) Appl. Surf.
Sci., 127–129, 330–338.
12 Wang, Z., Liu, Y., and Zeng, X. (2006)
Powder Technol., 161, 65–68.
13 Vollath, D. and Sickafus, K.E. (1992)
Nanostruct. Mater., 1, 427–438.
14 Vollath, D. (1994) Mater. Res. Soc. Symp.
Proc., 347, 629.
15 MacDonald, A.D. (1966) Microwave
Breakdown in Gases, J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York.
16 Vollath, D. and Sickafus, K.E. (1993)
Nanostruct. Mater., 2, 451–456.
17 Buss, R.J. (1997) RF-Plasma Synthesis of
Nanosize Silicon Carbide and Nitride,
SAND97-0039, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM.
18 Matsui, I. (2006) J. Nanoparticle Res., 8,
429–443.
19 Pratsinis, S. (1998) Prog. Energy Combust.
Sci., 24, 197–219.
20 Wooldrige, M.S. (1998) Prog. Energy
Combust. Sci., 24, 63–87.
21 Vollath, D. (1989) Euro-Ceramics, 1,
1.33–1.37.
22 Vollath, D. (1999) J. Mater. Sci., 25,
2227–2232.
23 Mueller, R., Kammler, H.K., Pratsinis, S.E.,
Vital, A., Beaucage, G., and Burtscher, P.
(2004) Powder Technol., 140, 40–48.
24 Kamler, H.K., M€ adler, L., and Pratsinis, S.
E. (2001) Chem. Eng. Technol., 24,
583–596.
25 Zhu, W. and Pratsinis, S.E. (1996) ACS
Symp. Ser., 622, 64–78.
26 Pratsinis, S.E., Zhu, W., and Vemury, S.
(1996) Powder Technol., 86, 87–93.
References j87