74
3 PVA/BC Bionancomposite Films with Particle Size Effect
(b)
(d)
A2
B2
A3
B3
A3
B3
A2
B2
(e)
Stack bundles
Lamellar stacks
PVA
PVA/3 wt% NBC bionanocomposites
(a)
(c)
Fig. 3.11 a 3D height mapping image of PVA/3wt% NBC bionanocomposites and b elastic
modulus profile curve for corresponding section area A 2 -B 2 in a, c 3D height mapping image
of PVA/3wt% NBC bionanocomposites at a high magnification, d elastic modulus profile for corresponding section area A 3 -B 3 in c, as well as e schematic diagram for bundles of lamellar stacks in
both neat PVA and PVA/3 wt% NBC bionanocomposites [52]
However, in comparison with PVA/3 wt% NBC bionanocomposites, MBC inclusion shows less apparent effect on crystalline and amorphous phases of PVA. In
addition, the widths of amorphous and crystalline phases are still higher than those
of PVA/3 wt% NBC bionanocomposites. Such a finding can be related to much
higher surface areas of NBCs, which makes them cover more contact areas within
PVA matrices, and then increases the volume fraction of interphase, as compared
with that of MBCs.