5. Atomizer spray bottle.
6. Hair dryer.
2.3 Aluminium
and Irradiation
Cross-Linked Beads by
Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) from sago waste
(PPES Sago Industries (Mukah) Sdn. Bhd, Sarawak, Malaysia).
2. Cross-linkers: Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, electron beam
irradiation.
3. Active ingredient: 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA).
4. 10% (w/v) CMSP solution (see Note 1): Prepare using
50.0 mL distilled water with pH adjustment using acetic acid
to pH 4 (see Note 2).
2.4 Calcium
and Irradiation
Cross-Linked Beads by
Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) from sago waste
was obtained from Ng Kia Heng Kilang Sagu Industries, Batu
Pahat, Johor, pectin (degree of esterification 63–66%).
2. Cross-linker: Anhydrous calcium chloride.
3. Active ingredient: Diclofenac sodium.
2.5 Iron
Cross-Linked Beads by
Complex Coacervation
and Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethylcellulose (degree of substitution:
0.6–0.9 and viscosity of 400–1000 mPa s, 2% in H 2 O at
25
C).
2. Cross-linker: Ferric chloride.
3. Active ingredient: Ibuprofen USP 32.
2.6 Aluminium
Cross-Linked Beads by
Emulsification
and Vibration
Technology
of Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl sago cellulose (CMSC) from sago
waste obtained from Ng Kia Heng Kilang Sago Industries,
Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, polyethylene glycol (PEG),
glycerine.
2. Cross-linker: Aluminium choride hexahydrate.
3. Active ingredient: Red palm oil from Carotino Premium,
Malaysia.
2.7 Calcium
Cross-Linked by
Vibration Technology
of Ionotropic Gelation
and Surface
Coated Beads
1. Polymers: Sodium alginate (brown algae), Ispaghula (Plantago
ovata), Zein (maize).
2. Cross-linker: Calcium chloride.
3. Active ingredient: Diclofenac sodium.
4. 10% (w/v) zein solution: Prepared in 80% (v/v) ethanol.
2.8 Aluminium
Cross-Linked Beads by
Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl tragacanth (CM-TG) from tragacanth gum.
2. Cross-linker: Aluminum chloride hexahydrate.
3. Active ingredient: Diclofenac sodium.
Hydrogel Beads of Natural Polymers for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery
175
6. Hair dryer.
2.3 Aluminium
and Irradiation
Cross-Linked Beads by
Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) from sago waste
(PPES Sago Industries (Mukah) Sdn. Bhd, Sarawak, Malaysia).
2. Cross-linkers: Aluminum chloride hexahydrate, electron beam
irradiation.
3. Active ingredient: 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA).
4. 10% (w/v) CMSP solution (see Note 1): Prepare using
50.0 mL distilled water with pH adjustment using acetic acid
to pH 4 (see Note 2).
2.4 Calcium
and Irradiation
Cross-Linked Beads by
Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) from sago waste
was obtained from Ng Kia Heng Kilang Sagu Industries, Batu
Pahat, Johor, pectin (degree of esterification 63–66%).
2. Cross-linker: Anhydrous calcium chloride.
3. Active ingredient: Diclofenac sodium.
2.5 Iron
Cross-Linked Beads by
Complex Coacervation
and Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethylcellulose (degree of substitution:
0.6–0.9 and viscosity of 400–1000 mPa s, 2% in H 2 O at
25
C).
2. Cross-linker: Ferric chloride.
3. Active ingredient: Ibuprofen USP 32.
2.6 Aluminium
Cross-Linked Beads by
Emulsification
and Vibration
Technology
of Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl sago cellulose (CMSC) from sago
waste obtained from Ng Kia Heng Kilang Sago Industries,
Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia, polyethylene glycol (PEG),
glycerine.
2. Cross-linker: Aluminium choride hexahydrate.
3. Active ingredient: Red palm oil from Carotino Premium,
Malaysia.
2.7 Calcium
Cross-Linked by
Vibration Technology
of Ionotropic Gelation
and Surface
Coated Beads
1. Polymers: Sodium alginate (brown algae), Ispaghula (Plantago
ovata), Zein (maize).
2. Cross-linker: Calcium chloride.
3. Active ingredient: Diclofenac sodium.
4. 10% (w/v) zein solution: Prepared in 80% (v/v) ethanol.
2.8 Aluminium
Cross-Linked Beads by
Conventional
Ionotropic Gelation
1. Polymers: Carboxymethyl tragacanth (CM-TG) from tragacanth gum.
2. Cross-linker: Aluminum chloride hexahydrate.
3. Active ingredient: Diclofenac sodium.
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175