chimeras exhibiting decoy activity. J Biomed
Sci 11:697–704
41. Chiarantini L, Cerasi A, Millo E et al (2006)
Enhanced antisense effect of modified PNAs
delivered through functional PMMA microspheres. Int J Pharm 324:83–91
42. Albertshofer K, Siwkowski AM, Wancewicz EV
et al (2005) Structure-activity relationship
study on a simple cationic peptide motif for
cellular delivery of antisense peptide nucleic
acid. J Med Chem 48:6741–6749
43. Kaihatsu K, Huffman KE, Corey DR (2004)
Intracellular uptake and inhibition of gene
expression by PNAs and PNA-peptide conjugates. Biochemistry 43:14340–14347
44. Fabbri E, Manicardi A, Tedeschi T et al (2011)
Modulation of the biological activity of
microRNA-210 with peptide nucleic acids
(PNAs). ChemMedChem 6:2192–2202
45. Torres AG, Threlfall RN, Gait MJ (2011)
Potent and sustained cellular inhibition of
miR-122 by lysine-derivatized peptide nucleic
acids (PNA) and phosphorothioate locked
nucleic acid (LNA)/2
0 -O-methyl (OMe) mixmer anti-miRs in the absence of transfection
agents. Artif DNA 3:71–78
46. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Bazzoli E et al (2014)
Uptake by human glioma cell lines and
biological effects of a peptide-nucleic acids targeting miR-221. J Neuro-Oncol 118:19–28
47. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Bianchi N et al (2014)
Molecular methods for validation of the
biological activity of peptide nucleic acids targeting microRNAs. Methods Mol Biol
1095:165–176
48. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Montagner G et al
(2016) High levels of apoptosis are induced in
human glioma cell lines by co-administration of
peptide nucleic acids targeting miR-221 and
miR-222. Int J Oncol 48:1029–1038
49. Shiraishi T, Nielsen PE (2006) Enhanced delivery of cell-penetrating peptide-peptide nucleic
acid conjugates by endosomal disruption. Nat
Protoc 1:633–636
50. Ghavami M, Shiraishi T, Nielsen PE (2019)
Cooperative cellular uptake and activity of
octaarginine antisense peptide nucleic acid
(PNA) conjugates. Biomol Ther 9:554
51. Soudah T, Khawaled S, Aqeilan RI et al (2019)
AntimiR-155 cyclic peptide-PNA conjugate:
synthesis, cellular uptake, and biological activity. ACS Omega 4:13954–13961
52. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Aimi F et al (2012)
Peptide nucleic acids targeting miR-221 modulate p27Kip1 expression in breast cancer
MDA-MB-231
cells.
Int
J
Oncol
41:2119–2127
53. Manicardi A, Fabbri E, Tedeschi T et al (2012)
Cellular uptakes, biostabilities and anti-miR210 activities of chiral arginine-PNAs in leukaemic
K562
cells.
Chembiochem
13:1327–1337
54. Verona MD, Verdolino V, Palazzesi F et al
(2017) Focus on pna flexibility and rna binding
using molecular dynamics and metadynamics.
Sci Rep 7:42799
55. Liu C, Wang J, Huang S et al (2018) Selfassembled nanoparticles for cellular delivery of
peptide nucleic acid using amphiphilic N,N,Ntrimethyl-O-alkyl chitosan derivatives. J Mater
Sci Mater Med 29:114
56. Borgatti M, Breda L, Cortesi R et al (2002)
Cationic liposomes as delivery systems for
double-stranded PNA-DNA chimeras exhibiting decoy activity against NF-kappaB transcription factors. Biochem Pharmacol 64:609–616
57. Beavers KR, Werfel TA, Shen T et al (2016)
Porous silicon and polymer nanocomposites
for delivery of peptide nucleic acids as antimicroRNA
therapies.
Adv
Mater
28:7984–7992
58. Bertucci A, Prasetyanto EA, Septiadi D et al
(2015) Combined delivery of temozolomide
and anti-miR221 PNA using mesoporous silica
nanoparticles induces apoptosis in resistant glioma cells. Small 11:5687–5695
59. Sansone F, Dudic ˇ M, Donofrio G et al (2006)
DNA condensation and cell transfection properties of guanidinium calixarenes: dependence
on macrocycle lipophilicity, size, and conformation. J Am Chem Soc 128:14528–14536
60. Bagnacani V, Franceschi V, Fantuzzi L et al
(2012) Lower rim guanidinocalix[4]arenes:
macrocyclic nonviral vectors for cell transfection. Bioconjug Chem 23:993–1002
61. Bagnacani V, Franceschi V, Bassi M et al (2013)
Arginine clustering on calix[4]arene macrocycles for improved cell penetration and DNA
delivery. Nat Commun 4:1721
62. Gasparello J, Lomazzi M, Papi C et al (2019)
Efficient delivery of microRNA (miRNA) and
anti-miRNA molecules using an argininocalix
[4]arene macrocycle. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids
18:748–763
63. Gasparello J, Manicardi A, Casnati A et al
(2019) Efficient cell penetration and delivery
of peptide nucleic acids by an argininocalix[4]
arene. Sci Rep 9:3036
64. Cao X, Gu Y, Jiang L et al (2013) A new
approach to screening cancer stem cells from
the U251 human glioma cell line based on cell
growth state. Oncol Rep 29:1013–1018
65. Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang A et al (2010)
PUMA is a novel target of miR-221/222 in
142
Alessia Finotti et al.
Sci 11:697–704
41. Chiarantini L, Cerasi A, Millo E et al (2006)
Enhanced antisense effect of modified PNAs
delivered through functional PMMA microspheres. Int J Pharm 324:83–91
42. Albertshofer K, Siwkowski AM, Wancewicz EV
et al (2005) Structure-activity relationship
study on a simple cationic peptide motif for
cellular delivery of antisense peptide nucleic
acid. J Med Chem 48:6741–6749
43. Kaihatsu K, Huffman KE, Corey DR (2004)
Intracellular uptake and inhibition of gene
expression by PNAs and PNA-peptide conjugates. Biochemistry 43:14340–14347
44. Fabbri E, Manicardi A, Tedeschi T et al (2011)
Modulation of the biological activity of
microRNA-210 with peptide nucleic acids
(PNAs). ChemMedChem 6:2192–2202
45. Torres AG, Threlfall RN, Gait MJ (2011)
Potent and sustained cellular inhibition of
miR-122 by lysine-derivatized peptide nucleic
acids (PNA) and phosphorothioate locked
nucleic acid (LNA)/2
0 -O-methyl (OMe) mixmer anti-miRs in the absence of transfection
agents. Artif DNA 3:71–78
46. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Bazzoli E et al (2014)
Uptake by human glioma cell lines and
biological effects of a peptide-nucleic acids targeting miR-221. J Neuro-Oncol 118:19–28
47. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Bianchi N et al (2014)
Molecular methods for validation of the
biological activity of peptide nucleic acids targeting microRNAs. Methods Mol Biol
1095:165–176
48. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Montagner G et al
(2016) High levels of apoptosis are induced in
human glioma cell lines by co-administration of
peptide nucleic acids targeting miR-221 and
miR-222. Int J Oncol 48:1029–1038
49. Shiraishi T, Nielsen PE (2006) Enhanced delivery of cell-penetrating peptide-peptide nucleic
acid conjugates by endosomal disruption. Nat
Protoc 1:633–636
50. Ghavami M, Shiraishi T, Nielsen PE (2019)
Cooperative cellular uptake and activity of
octaarginine antisense peptide nucleic acid
(PNA) conjugates. Biomol Ther 9:554
51. Soudah T, Khawaled S, Aqeilan RI et al (2019)
AntimiR-155 cyclic peptide-PNA conjugate:
synthesis, cellular uptake, and biological activity. ACS Omega 4:13954–13961
52. Brognara E, Fabbri E, Aimi F et al (2012)
Peptide nucleic acids targeting miR-221 modulate p27Kip1 expression in breast cancer
MDA-MB-231
cells.
Int
J
Oncol
41:2119–2127
53. Manicardi A, Fabbri E, Tedeschi T et al (2012)
Cellular uptakes, biostabilities and anti-miR210 activities of chiral arginine-PNAs in leukaemic
K562
cells.
Chembiochem
13:1327–1337
54. Verona MD, Verdolino V, Palazzesi F et al
(2017) Focus on pna flexibility and rna binding
using molecular dynamics and metadynamics.
Sci Rep 7:42799
55. Liu C, Wang J, Huang S et al (2018) Selfassembled nanoparticles for cellular delivery of
peptide nucleic acid using amphiphilic N,N,Ntrimethyl-O-alkyl chitosan derivatives. J Mater
Sci Mater Med 29:114
56. Borgatti M, Breda L, Cortesi R et al (2002)
Cationic liposomes as delivery systems for
double-stranded PNA-DNA chimeras exhibiting decoy activity against NF-kappaB transcription factors. Biochem Pharmacol 64:609–616
57. Beavers KR, Werfel TA, Shen T et al (2016)
Porous silicon and polymer nanocomposites
for delivery of peptide nucleic acids as antimicroRNA
therapies.
Adv
Mater
28:7984–7992
58. Bertucci A, Prasetyanto EA, Septiadi D et al
(2015) Combined delivery of temozolomide
and anti-miR221 PNA using mesoporous silica
nanoparticles induces apoptosis in resistant glioma cells. Small 11:5687–5695
59. Sansone F, Dudic ˇ M, Donofrio G et al (2006)
DNA condensation and cell transfection properties of guanidinium calixarenes: dependence
on macrocycle lipophilicity, size, and conformation. J Am Chem Soc 128:14528–14536
60. Bagnacani V, Franceschi V, Fantuzzi L et al
(2012) Lower rim guanidinocalix[4]arenes:
macrocyclic nonviral vectors for cell transfection. Bioconjug Chem 23:993–1002
61. Bagnacani V, Franceschi V, Bassi M et al (2013)
Arginine clustering on calix[4]arene macrocycles for improved cell penetration and DNA
delivery. Nat Commun 4:1721
62. Gasparello J, Lomazzi M, Papi C et al (2019)
Efficient delivery of microRNA (miRNA) and
anti-miRNA molecules using an argininocalix
[4]arene macrocycle. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids
18:748–763
63. Gasparello J, Manicardi A, Casnati A et al
(2019) Efficient cell penetration and delivery
of peptide nucleic acids by an argininocalix[4]
arene. Sci Rep 9:3036
64. Cao X, Gu Y, Jiang L et al (2013) A new
approach to screening cancer stem cells from
the U251 human glioma cell line based on cell
growth state. Oncol Rep 29:1013–1018
65. Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang A et al (2010)
PUMA is a novel target of miR-221/222 in
142
Alessia Finotti et al.