tumor suppressor miRNAs: new trends in the
development of miRNA therapeutic strategies
in oncology (Review). Int J Oncol 49:5–32
15. Elhefnawi M, Salah Z, Soliman B (2019) The
promise of miRNA replacement therapy for
hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Gene Ther
9:290–304
16. Gambari R (2014) Peptide nucleic acids: a
review on recent patents and technology transfer. Expert Opin Ther Pat 24:267–294
17. Nielsen PE, Egholm M, Berg RH et al (1991)
Sequence-selective recognition of DNA by
strand displacement with a thyminesubstituted
polyamide.
Science
254:1497–1500
18. Demidov VV, Potaman VN, FrankKamenetskii MD et al (1994) Stability of peptide nucleic acids in human serum and cellular
extracts. Biochem Pharmacol 48:1310–1313
19. Nielsen PE (2001) Targeting double stranded
DNA with peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Curr
Med Chem 8:545–550
20. Egholm M, Buchardt O, Christensen L et al
(1993) PNA hybridizes to complementary oligonucleotides obeying the Watson-Crick
hydrogen-bonding rules. Nature 365:566–568
21. Nielsen PE (2010) Gene targeting and expression modulation by peptide nucleic acids
(PNA). Curr Pharm Des 16:3118–3123
22. Tonelli R, McIntyre A, Camerin C et al. (2012)
Antitumor activity of sustained N-myc reduction in rhabdomyosarcomas and transcriptional
block by antigene therapy. Clin Cancer Res
18:796–807
23. Gambari R (2001) Peptide nucleic acids
(PNAs): a tool for the development of gene
expression modifiers. Curr Pharm Des
7:1839–1862
24. Montagner G, Bezzerri V, Cabrini G et al
(2017) An antisense peptide nucleic acid
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibiting
bacterial-induced inflammatory responses in
the cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cellular model system.
Int J Biol Macromol 99:492–498
25. Cheng CJ, Bahal R, Babar IA et al (2015)
MicroRNA silencing for cancer therapy targeted to the tumour microenvironment.
Nature 518:107–110
26. Gupta A, Quijano E, Liu Y et al (2017) Antitumor activity of miniPEG-γ-modified PNAs
to inhibit microRNA-210 for cancer therapy.
Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 9:111–119
27. Quijano E, Bahal R, Ricciardi A et al (2017)
Therapeutic peptide nucleic acids: principles,
limitations, and opportunities. Yale J Biol
Med 90:583–598
28. Manicardi A, Gambari R, de Cola L et al
(2018) Preparation of anti-miR PNAs for
drug development and nanomedicine. Methods Mol Biol 1811:49–63
29. Fabbri E, Tamanini A, Jakova T et al (2017) A
peptide nucleic acid against microRNA
miR-145-5p enhances the expression of the
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator (CFTR) in Calu-3 cells. Molecules
23:71
30. Mercurio S, Cauteruccio S, Manenti R et al
(2019) miR-7 knockdown by peptide nucleic
acids in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Int J
Mol Sci 20:5127
31. Seo YE, Suh HW, Bahal R et al (2019)
Nanoparticle-mediated intratumoral inhibition
of miR-21 for improved survival in glioblastoma. Biomaterials 201:87–98
32. Sajadimajd S, Yazdanparast R, Akram S (2016)
Involvement of Numb-mediated HIF-1α inhibition in anti-proliferative effect of PNA-antimiR-182 in trastuzumab-sensitive and
-resistant SKBR3 cells. Tumour Biol
37:5413–5426
33. Amato F, Tomaiuolo R, Nici F et al (2014)
Exploitation of a very small peptide nucleic
acid as a new inhibitor of miR-509-3p involved
in the regulation of cystic fibrosis disease-gene
expression. Biomed Res Int 2014:610718
34. Milani R, Brognara E, Fabbri E et al (2019)
Targeting miR-155-5p and miR-221-3p by
peptide nucleic acids induces caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in temozolomide-resistant
T98G glioma cells. Int J Oncol 55:59–68
35. Rasmussen FW, Bendifallah N, Zachar V et al
(2006) Evaluation of transfection protocols for
unmodified and modified peptide nucleic acid
(PNA) oligomers. Oligonucleotides 16:43–57
36. Cortesi R, Mischiati C, Borgatti M et al (2004)
Formulations for natural and peptide nucleic
acids based on cationic polymeric submicron
particles. AAPS PharmSci 6:10–21
37. Nastruzzi C, Cortesi R, Esposito E et al (2000)
Liposomes as carriers for DNA-PNA hybrids. J
Control Release 68:237–249
38. Ringhieri P, Avitabile C, Saviano M et al (2016)
The influence of liposomal formulation on the
incorporation and retention of PNA oligomers.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 145:462–469
39. Chiarantini L, Cerasi A, Millo E et al (2005)
Antisense peptide nucleic acid delivered by
core-shell microspheres. J Control Release
101:397–398
40. Mischiati C, Sereni A, Finotti A et al (2004)
Complexation to cationic microspheres of
double-stranded peptide nucleic acid-DNA
PNA Delivery with Argininocalix[4]arene
141
development of miRNA therapeutic strategies
in oncology (Review). Int J Oncol 49:5–32
15. Elhefnawi M, Salah Z, Soliman B (2019) The
promise of miRNA replacement therapy for
hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Gene Ther
9:290–304
16. Gambari R (2014) Peptide nucleic acids: a
review on recent patents and technology transfer. Expert Opin Ther Pat 24:267–294
17. Nielsen PE, Egholm M, Berg RH et al (1991)
Sequence-selective recognition of DNA by
strand displacement with a thyminesubstituted
polyamide.
Science
254:1497–1500
18. Demidov VV, Potaman VN, FrankKamenetskii MD et al (1994) Stability of peptide nucleic acids in human serum and cellular
extracts. Biochem Pharmacol 48:1310–1313
19. Nielsen PE (2001) Targeting double stranded
DNA with peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Curr
Med Chem 8:545–550
20. Egholm M, Buchardt O, Christensen L et al
(1993) PNA hybridizes to complementary oligonucleotides obeying the Watson-Crick
hydrogen-bonding rules. Nature 365:566–568
21. Nielsen PE (2010) Gene targeting and expression modulation by peptide nucleic acids
(PNA). Curr Pharm Des 16:3118–3123
22. Tonelli R, McIntyre A, Camerin C et al. (2012)
Antitumor activity of sustained N-myc reduction in rhabdomyosarcomas and transcriptional
block by antigene therapy. Clin Cancer Res
18:796–807
23. Gambari R (2001) Peptide nucleic acids
(PNAs): a tool for the development of gene
expression modifiers. Curr Pharm Des
7:1839–1862
24. Montagner G, Bezzerri V, Cabrini G et al
(2017) An antisense peptide nucleic acid
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibiting
bacterial-induced inflammatory responses in
the cystic fibrosis IB3-1 cellular model system.
Int J Biol Macromol 99:492–498
25. Cheng CJ, Bahal R, Babar IA et al (2015)
MicroRNA silencing for cancer therapy targeted to the tumour microenvironment.
Nature 518:107–110
26. Gupta A, Quijano E, Liu Y et al (2017) Antitumor activity of miniPEG-γ-modified PNAs
to inhibit microRNA-210 for cancer therapy.
Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 9:111–119
27. Quijano E, Bahal R, Ricciardi A et al (2017)
Therapeutic peptide nucleic acids: principles,
limitations, and opportunities. Yale J Biol
Med 90:583–598
28. Manicardi A, Gambari R, de Cola L et al
(2018) Preparation of anti-miR PNAs for
drug development and nanomedicine. Methods Mol Biol 1811:49–63
29. Fabbri E, Tamanini A, Jakova T et al (2017) A
peptide nucleic acid against microRNA
miR-145-5p enhances the expression of the
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator (CFTR) in Calu-3 cells. Molecules
23:71
30. Mercurio S, Cauteruccio S, Manenti R et al
(2019) miR-7 knockdown by peptide nucleic
acids in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Int J
Mol Sci 20:5127
31. Seo YE, Suh HW, Bahal R et al (2019)
Nanoparticle-mediated intratumoral inhibition
of miR-21 for improved survival in glioblastoma. Biomaterials 201:87–98
32. Sajadimajd S, Yazdanparast R, Akram S (2016)
Involvement of Numb-mediated HIF-1α inhibition in anti-proliferative effect of PNA-antimiR-182 in trastuzumab-sensitive and
-resistant SKBR3 cells. Tumour Biol
37:5413–5426
33. Amato F, Tomaiuolo R, Nici F et al (2014)
Exploitation of a very small peptide nucleic
acid as a new inhibitor of miR-509-3p involved
in the regulation of cystic fibrosis disease-gene
expression. Biomed Res Int 2014:610718
34. Milani R, Brognara E, Fabbri E et al (2019)
Targeting miR-155-5p and miR-221-3p by
peptide nucleic acids induces caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in temozolomide-resistant
T98G glioma cells. Int J Oncol 55:59–68
35. Rasmussen FW, Bendifallah N, Zachar V et al
(2006) Evaluation of transfection protocols for
unmodified and modified peptide nucleic acid
(PNA) oligomers. Oligonucleotides 16:43–57
36. Cortesi R, Mischiati C, Borgatti M et al (2004)
Formulations for natural and peptide nucleic
acids based on cationic polymeric submicron
particles. AAPS PharmSci 6:10–21
37. Nastruzzi C, Cortesi R, Esposito E et al (2000)
Liposomes as carriers for DNA-PNA hybrids. J
Control Release 68:237–249
38. Ringhieri P, Avitabile C, Saviano M et al (2016)
The influence of liposomal formulation on the
incorporation and retention of PNA oligomers.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 145:462–469
39. Chiarantini L, Cerasi A, Millo E et al (2005)
Antisense peptide nucleic acid delivered by
core-shell microspheres. J Control Release
101:397–398
40. Mischiati C, Sereni A, Finotti A et al (2004)
Complexation to cationic microspheres of
double-stranded peptide nucleic acid-DNA
PNA Delivery with Argininocalix[4]arene
141