1.9 Introduction to the Famous Scientists
79
discovered the quaternion in 1843, and established its rule of operation. Had also
made achievements in the differential equation and functional analysis. There were
more than 140 books and papers, the most important work among them was Lectures
on Quaternions published in 1853.
Stokes (Sir George Gabriel, 1819.8.13–1903.2.1) British mathematician and physicist. Born in Skreen of Country Sligo, Ireland, died in Cambridge, England. Graduated from the University Cambridge in 1841. Served as the Lucasian Professor
of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge from 1849 until his death in 1903.
Was elected the member of the Royal Society in 1851. Serve as secretary of the
Royal Society in 1854–1885, from 1885 to 1890, served as president of the Royal
Society. Main research fields were analytics, divergent series, differential equation,
fluid mechanics, acoustics, optics and optical spectroscopy, etc. In 1845 N’s second
law was used to derive the dynamics equation of viscous fluid, namely the famous
Navier–Stokes equation. Derived the resistance formula of motion for the solid ball
passing through a viscosity medium in 1851. Made a contribution to the mathematical
research on the dynamics of crystal birefringence in 1862. The works had Stokes’s
Mathematical and Physical Papers (5 volumes, 1880–1905), On Light (1884–1887),
On the Dynamical Theory of Diffraction (1849) and Natural Theology (1891) etc.
Kronecker (Leopold, 1823.12.7–1891.12.29) German mathematician. Born in Liegnitz nearby Breslau (now it belongs to the Legnica of Poland), died in Berlin. Entered
University of Berlin in 1841, received Ph.D. degree at the University of Berlin in
1849, served as a tenured professor of the university in 1861, was elected the academician of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in the same year. Was the academician of the
French Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Served as
the editor in chief of Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik (also known
as Crelle’s Journal, August Leopold Crelle, 17 March 1780.3.17–1855.10.6). Was
elected a member of the Royal Society in 1884. Made contribution to the number
theory, group theory and algebraic theory aspects, especially had important achievements to the study of theory of quadratic form and elliptic function, Gave the original
definition of concept of a group in 1870. On the basis of his supervisor Kummur
(Ernst Eduard, 1810.1.29–1893.5.14) putting forward the ideal number, obtained the
axiomatic structure of group theory, which became the starting point of later studying
abstract group. he was one of the pioneers of the intuitionism. There was Leopold
Kronecker’s Werke (5 volumes, 1895, 1968) edited by late people.
Riemann (Georg Friedrich Bernhard, 1826.9.17–1866.7.20) German mathematician. Born in Breselenz of Hanover, died in Selasca of Italy. Entered the University
of Göttingen in 1846, studied under Gauss. Studied at University of Berlin from
1847 to 1849, Heard lectures of Dirichlet and Jacobi et al. Received a doctor’s
degree of University of Göttingen in 1851. Served as a professor at the University
of Göttingen in 1895, was elected the communication academician of the Berlin
Academy of Sciences in the same year, became the communication academician
of the French Academy of Sciences and member of the Royal Society in 1866.
His scientific achievements were widespread, had contribution in number theory,
79
discovered the quaternion in 1843, and established its rule of operation. Had also
made achievements in the differential equation and functional analysis. There were
more than 140 books and papers, the most important work among them was Lectures
on Quaternions published in 1853.
Stokes (Sir George Gabriel, 1819.8.13–1903.2.1) British mathematician and physicist. Born in Skreen of Country Sligo, Ireland, died in Cambridge, England. Graduated from the University Cambridge in 1841. Served as the Lucasian Professor
of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge from 1849 until his death in 1903.
Was elected the member of the Royal Society in 1851. Serve as secretary of the
Royal Society in 1854–1885, from 1885 to 1890, served as president of the Royal
Society. Main research fields were analytics, divergent series, differential equation,
fluid mechanics, acoustics, optics and optical spectroscopy, etc. In 1845 N’s second
law was used to derive the dynamics equation of viscous fluid, namely the famous
Navier–Stokes equation. Derived the resistance formula of motion for the solid ball
passing through a viscosity medium in 1851. Made a contribution to the mathematical
research on the dynamics of crystal birefringence in 1862. The works had Stokes’s
Mathematical and Physical Papers (5 volumes, 1880–1905), On Light (1884–1887),
On the Dynamical Theory of Diffraction (1849) and Natural Theology (1891) etc.
Kronecker (Leopold, 1823.12.7–1891.12.29) German mathematician. Born in Liegnitz nearby Breslau (now it belongs to the Legnica of Poland), died in Berlin. Entered
University of Berlin in 1841, received Ph.D. degree at the University of Berlin in
1849, served as a tenured professor of the university in 1861, was elected the academician of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in the same year. Was the academician of the
French Academy of Sciences and Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Served as
the editor in chief of Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik (also known
as Crelle’s Journal, August Leopold Crelle, 17 March 1780.3.17–1855.10.6). Was
elected a member of the Royal Society in 1884. Made contribution to the number
theory, group theory and algebraic theory aspects, especially had important achievements to the study of theory of quadratic form and elliptic function, Gave the original
definition of concept of a group in 1870. On the basis of his supervisor Kummur
(Ernst Eduard, 1810.1.29–1893.5.14) putting forward the ideal number, obtained the
axiomatic structure of group theory, which became the starting point of later studying
abstract group. he was one of the pioneers of the intuitionism. There was Leopold
Kronecker’s Werke (5 volumes, 1895, 1968) edited by late people.
Riemann (Georg Friedrich Bernhard, 1826.9.17–1866.7.20) German mathematician. Born in Breselenz of Hanover, died in Selasca of Italy. Entered the University
of Göttingen in 1846, studied under Gauss. Studied at University of Berlin from
1847 to 1849, Heard lectures of Dirichlet and Jacobi et al. Received a doctor’s
degree of University of Göttingen in 1851. Served as a professor at the University
of Göttingen in 1895, was elected the communication academician of the Berlin
Academy of Sciences in the same year, became the communication academician
of the French Academy of Sciences and member of the Royal Society in 1866.
His scientific achievements were widespread, had contribution in number theory,