78
1 Preliminaries
and military academy in Saint Petersburg in 1828, received a doctor’s degree in the
same year. Was elected the alternate member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences
in 1830, became the member in 1831. Was also the academician of the New York
Academy of Sciences, Turin Academy of Sciences, Rome Academy of Sciences
and communication academician of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The research
involves the analysis, theoretical mechanics, mathematical physics, probability
theory, number theory, heat transfer, algebra, calculus of variations and celestial
mechanics, and other fields. The most important mathematical work was that proved
the formula of the relation between the triple integral and surface integral in 1828,
namely the Ostrogradsky–Gauss formula. Was also a outstanding educator, wrote
a large number of textbooks, there were Pykovodctvo naqallno geometpii,
Ppogpamma i koncpekt tpigonometpii, Lekcii algebpaiqeckogo i
tpanccendentnogo analiza (1857), Cobpanie coqinenii (1946), Izbpannye
tpydy (1958) and Polnoe cobpanie tpydov: v 3-x t (1959-1961) etc.
Bunyakovsky (Viktor Yakovlevich, Russian: Biktop kovleviq Bynnk´ovckii,
1804.12.16–1889.12.12) Russian mathematician. Born in Bap, died in St. Petersburg. Studied abroad in 1820–1825, received a doctor of mathematics degree in
Paris in 1825. After returning home engaged in the education work, successively
taught at the first military school (1827), naval academy (1827–1862), traffic institute (1830–1846), served as a professor at the university of St. Petersburg in 1846–
1859. Was elected the academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in
1830, served as the vice President and honorary vice President of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1864 to 1889. After 1858 was also part-time the
general consultant of the government statistics and insurance. The research contents
involved the number theory, probability theory and its applications, statistics, mathematical analysis, geometry, algebra and analysis mechanics, etc. fields. Published 168
papers in all. The works had Lekcikona qicto i ppikladno matematiki
(1839), Ocnovanii matematiqecko teopii vepotnocte (Foundations of
the mathematical theory of probability, 1846) and Papallellnye linii (1853)
etc. After his death, the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences established the prize
of excellent mathematical works named after him.
Hamilton (Sir William Rowan, 1805.8.4–1865.9.2) Irish mathematician, physicist
and astronomer. Was born and died in Dublin. In 1823 entered the Trinity College
Dublin to study. Served as an astronomy professor at Trinity College in 1827 and
won the astronomer title of the royal of Ireland. Was elected the member of the
Ireland Academy of Sciences in 1832. Was conferred the title of nobility in 1835.
Was elected the president of the Royal Irish Academy in 1837. Was also the members
of the French Academy of Sciences, the United States Academy of Sciences, communication academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences and member of
the Royal Society. Made an important contribution to the development of analytical
mechanics, Proposed the least action principle in the book On a general method in
dynamics published in 1834. Established the mathematical theory of optics, and this
theory was used in dynamics. The main contribution in mathematics was that he
1 Preliminaries
and military academy in Saint Petersburg in 1828, received a doctor’s degree in the
same year. Was elected the alternate member of St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences
in 1830, became the member in 1831. Was also the academician of the New York
Academy of Sciences, Turin Academy of Sciences, Rome Academy of Sciences
and communication academician of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The research
involves the analysis, theoretical mechanics, mathematical physics, probability
theory, number theory, heat transfer, algebra, calculus of variations and celestial
mechanics, and other fields. The most important mathematical work was that proved
the formula of the relation between the triple integral and surface integral in 1828,
namely the Ostrogradsky–Gauss formula. Was also a outstanding educator, wrote
a large number of textbooks, there were Pykovodctvo naqallno geometpii,
Ppogpamma i koncpekt tpigonometpii, Lekcii algebpaiqeckogo i
tpanccendentnogo analiza (1857), Cobpanie coqinenii (1946), Izbpannye
tpydy (1958) and Polnoe cobpanie tpydov: v 3-x t (1959-1961) etc.
Bunyakovsky (Viktor Yakovlevich, Russian: Biktop kovleviq Bynnk´ovckii,
1804.12.16–1889.12.12) Russian mathematician. Born in Bap, died in St. Petersburg. Studied abroad in 1820–1825, received a doctor of mathematics degree in
Paris in 1825. After returning home engaged in the education work, successively
taught at the first military school (1827), naval academy (1827–1862), traffic institute (1830–1846), served as a professor at the university of St. Petersburg in 1846–
1859. Was elected the academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in
1830, served as the vice President and honorary vice President of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1864 to 1889. After 1858 was also part-time the
general consultant of the government statistics and insurance. The research contents
involved the number theory, probability theory and its applications, statistics, mathematical analysis, geometry, algebra and analysis mechanics, etc. fields. Published 168
papers in all. The works had Lekcikona qicto i ppikladno matematiki
(1839), Ocnovanii matematiqecko teopii vepotnocte (Foundations of
the mathematical theory of probability, 1846) and Papallellnye linii (1853)
etc. After his death, the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences established the prize
of excellent mathematical works named after him.
Hamilton (Sir William Rowan, 1805.8.4–1865.9.2) Irish mathematician, physicist
and astronomer. Was born and died in Dublin. In 1823 entered the Trinity College
Dublin to study. Served as an astronomy professor at Trinity College in 1827 and
won the astronomer title of the royal of Ireland. Was elected the member of the
Ireland Academy of Sciences in 1832. Was conferred the title of nobility in 1835.
Was elected the president of the Royal Irish Academy in 1837. Was also the members
of the French Academy of Sciences, the United States Academy of Sciences, communication academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences and member of
the Royal Society. Made an important contribution to the development of analytical
mechanics, Proposed the least action principle in the book On a general method in
dynamics published in 1834. Established the mathematical theory of optics, and this
theory was used in dynamics. The main contribution in mathematics was that he