9.11 Introduction to the Famous Scientists
599
perturbation theory, had also quite deep attainments in music, and devoted himself to
the philosophy research, an excellent representative of 18th century French enlightenment. The works had Traité de dynamique (1743), Recherches sur la courbe que
forme une corde tenduë mise en vibration (1747), Essai d’une nouvelle théorie de
la résistance des fluides (1752), Essai sur les éléments de philosophie (1759) and
Opuscules mathématiques (8 volumes, 1761-1780) etc.
Navier (Claude Louis Marie Henri, 1785.2.10–1836.8.21) French mathematician,
physicist and fluid mechanician, one of the founders of construction mechanics. Born
in Dijon, died in Paris. Graduated from the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
in 1806. Became a civil engineer in 1808. Was elected a member of the French
popular science association in 1819. Became a professor at Alma mater in 1820. Was
elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1824. Took up a professorship at the École Polytechnique in 1831. The main contributions were to solve the
fourth order partial differential equation of the simply supported rectangular plate by
double trigonometric series method for the first time in 1820, in 1821 popularized the
fluid equation of motion proposed by Euler, established the Navier–Stokes equations
of viscous fluid dynamics, in 1827 the calculus of variations is used to derive the
three-dimensional space of the balance of elastic solid and the equation of motion.
Derived the equation of equilibrium and equation of motion of elastic solid in threedimensional space with the calculus of variations in 1827. The works had Sur les lois
de l’équilibre et du mouvement des corps solides élastiques (1821), Mémoire sur les
lois du mouvement des fluides (1822), Mémoire sur les ponts suspendus (1823) and
Résumé des leçons données à l’École des ponts et chaussées sur l’application de la
mécanique à l’établissement des constructions et des machines (1826) etc.
Hertz (Heinrich Rudoff, 1857.2.22–1894.1.1) German physicist, one of the founders
of electrodynamics. Born in Humburg, died in Bonn. Studied at the Dresten in 1876,
entered the University of Munich in 1877, studied at the University of Berlin in
1878, was a protégé of Helmholtz, obtained his PhD from the University of Berlin
in 1880. Served as a lecturer at the University of Kiel in 1883, began to study
Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. From 1885 to 1889, became a full professor at
the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, In 1887 first published the experimental paper
on generation and reception of electromagnetic waves, verified Maxwell’s theory
that light is an electromagnetic wave, also found the photoelectric effect in the same
year. Founded the theory of resonance circuit. Served as a professor of physics at
the University of Bonn since 1889. Expressed the electrodynamics equations in the
symmetric form in 1890, better reflected the relationship between electricity and
magnetism. Discovered the phenomenon that cathode rays could penetrate the thin
metal in 1891. In commemoration of his scientific contribution, the unit of frequency
is named after Hertz. The works had Electric Waves (1890), Untersuchungen über
die Ausbreitung der elektrische Kraft (1892) and Die Prinzipien der Mechanik in
neuem Zusammenhange dargestellt (1894) etc.
Hellinger (Ernst David, 1883.9.30–1950.3.28) German–American mathematician.
Born in Striegau, died in Chicago. Studied at the University of Heidelberg, University of Göttingen and University of Breslau in his early years, obtained his doctorate
599
perturbation theory, had also quite deep attainments in music, and devoted himself to
the philosophy research, an excellent representative of 18th century French enlightenment. The works had Traité de dynamique (1743), Recherches sur la courbe que
forme une corde tenduë mise en vibration (1747), Essai d’une nouvelle théorie de
la résistance des fluides (1752), Essai sur les éléments de philosophie (1759) and
Opuscules mathématiques (8 volumes, 1761-1780) etc.
Navier (Claude Louis Marie Henri, 1785.2.10–1836.8.21) French mathematician,
physicist and fluid mechanician, one of the founders of construction mechanics. Born
in Dijon, died in Paris. Graduated from the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
in 1806. Became a civil engineer in 1808. Was elected a member of the French
popular science association in 1819. Became a professor at Alma mater in 1820. Was
elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1824. Took up a professorship at the École Polytechnique in 1831. The main contributions were to solve the
fourth order partial differential equation of the simply supported rectangular plate by
double trigonometric series method for the first time in 1820, in 1821 popularized the
fluid equation of motion proposed by Euler, established the Navier–Stokes equations
of viscous fluid dynamics, in 1827 the calculus of variations is used to derive the
three-dimensional space of the balance of elastic solid and the equation of motion.
Derived the equation of equilibrium and equation of motion of elastic solid in threedimensional space with the calculus of variations in 1827. The works had Sur les lois
de l’équilibre et du mouvement des corps solides élastiques (1821), Mémoire sur les
lois du mouvement des fluides (1822), Mémoire sur les ponts suspendus (1823) and
Résumé des leçons données à l’École des ponts et chaussées sur l’application de la
mécanique à l’établissement des constructions et des machines (1826) etc.
Hertz (Heinrich Rudoff, 1857.2.22–1894.1.1) German physicist, one of the founders
of electrodynamics. Born in Humburg, died in Bonn. Studied at the Dresten in 1876,
entered the University of Munich in 1877, studied at the University of Berlin in
1878, was a protégé of Helmholtz, obtained his PhD from the University of Berlin
in 1880. Served as a lecturer at the University of Kiel in 1883, began to study
Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. From 1885 to 1889, became a full professor at
the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, In 1887 first published the experimental paper
on generation and reception of electromagnetic waves, verified Maxwell’s theory
that light is an electromagnetic wave, also found the photoelectric effect in the same
year. Founded the theory of resonance circuit. Served as a professor of physics at
the University of Bonn since 1889. Expressed the electrodynamics equations in the
symmetric form in 1890, better reflected the relationship between electricity and
magnetism. Discovered the phenomenon that cathode rays could penetrate the thin
metal in 1891. In commemoration of his scientific contribution, the unit of frequency
is named after Hertz. The works had Electric Waves (1890), Untersuchungen über
die Ausbreitung der elektrische Kraft (1892) and Die Prinzipien der Mechanik in
neuem Zusammenhange dargestellt (1894) etc.
Hellinger (Ernst David, 1883.9.30–1950.3.28) German–American mathematician.
Born in Striegau, died in Chicago. Studied at the University of Heidelberg, University of Göttingen and University of Breslau in his early years, obtained his doctorate