Chapter 9
Frustrated Lewis Pairs Based
on Transition Metals
Nereida Hidalgo, Macarena G. Alférez, and Jesús Campos
Abstract The concept of frustration and its application to bond activation and catalysis over the last decade has paved the way to a new era in the field of main group
chemistry. In terms of catalysis, the introduction of transition metals as integrating
components of frustrated designs has emerged as a promising approach to overcome
the main limitations of main group FLP systems. Herein we have tried to summarize
the most relevant results in this flourishing field, particularly those described over the
last five years (187 references are included). It is our aim to provide a Chapter that
will serve as an illustrative outline to those already working in the area of frustrated
Lewis pairs and also as an inspiring guide to newcomers. After a general introduction covering the main goals associated to the idea of designing metallic FLPs, a
subsequent section deals with transition metal frustrated Lewis pairs that incorporate a single transition metal center. A wide variety of recent examples based on
early, mid- and late transition metals, as well as rare-earth elements is presented. The
next topic involves the rather limited and exotic examples in which the two components of the FLP are based on transition metals. The connection of these systems to
polarized heterobimetallic species is examined in detail. Bond activation processes
and catalytic applications are discussed along the text, with particular emphasis on
mechanistic aspects.
Keywords Frustrated Lewis pairs · Transition metal frustrated Lewis pairs ·
Metal–ligand cooperation · Bimetallic compounds · Cooperative chemistry ·
Metal–metal bond
Nereida Hidalgo and Macarena G. Alférez contributed equally.
The original version of this chapter was revised: Scheme 9.25 has been updated. The correction to
this chapter can be found at
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58888-5_12
N. Hidalgo · M. G. Alférez · J. Campos (B)
Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), University of Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
e-mail: jesus.campos@iiq.csic.es
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, corrected publication 2021
J. Chris Slootweg and A. R. Jupp (eds.), Frustrated Lewis Pairs,
Molecular Catalysis 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58888-5_9
319
Frustrated Lewis Pairs Based
on Transition Metals
Nereida Hidalgo, Macarena G. Alférez, and Jesús Campos
Abstract The concept of frustration and its application to bond activation and catalysis over the last decade has paved the way to a new era in the field of main group
chemistry. In terms of catalysis, the introduction of transition metals as integrating
components of frustrated designs has emerged as a promising approach to overcome
the main limitations of main group FLP systems. Herein we have tried to summarize
the most relevant results in this flourishing field, particularly those described over the
last five years (187 references are included). It is our aim to provide a Chapter that
will serve as an illustrative outline to those already working in the area of frustrated
Lewis pairs and also as an inspiring guide to newcomers. After a general introduction covering the main goals associated to the idea of designing metallic FLPs, a
subsequent section deals with transition metal frustrated Lewis pairs that incorporate a single transition metal center. A wide variety of recent examples based on
early, mid- and late transition metals, as well as rare-earth elements is presented. The
next topic involves the rather limited and exotic examples in which the two components of the FLP are based on transition metals. The connection of these systems to
polarized heterobimetallic species is examined in detail. Bond activation processes
and catalytic applications are discussed along the text, with particular emphasis on
mechanistic aspects.
Keywords Frustrated Lewis pairs · Transition metal frustrated Lewis pairs ·
Metal–ligand cooperation · Bimetallic compounds · Cooperative chemistry ·
Metal–metal bond
Nereida Hidalgo and Macarena G. Alférez contributed equally.
The original version of this chapter was revised: Scheme 9.25 has been updated. The correction to
this chapter can be found at
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58888-5_12
N. Hidalgo · M. G. Alférez · J. Campos (B)
Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), University of Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
e-mail: jesus.campos@iiq.csic.es
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021, corrected publication 2021
J. Chris Slootweg and A. R. Jupp (eds.), Frustrated Lewis Pairs,
Molecular Catalysis 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58888-5_9
319