20
D. W. Stephan
FLPs to react with other small molecules led to the development of a range of other
FLP catalyzed processes.
The rapid development of FLP catalysis over the past decade has altered the landscape and provided new options for the evolution and greening of catalyst technologies. While commercial applications are certainly reasonable projections for future
developments, FLPs also offer approaches to the development of new catalytic protocols for synthetic chemistry. This is certainly an area where advances are expected.
FLP catalysis also offers new approaches to other persistent fundamental challenges.
What is clear is that the future of FLP catalysis is bright.
Acknowledgments The author would like to thank and acknowledge the excellent undergraduate
and graduate students as well as postdoctoral fellows who have shared their enthusiasm for developing FLP chemistry. The author is also grateful to NSERC of Canada for research support and
for the award of a Canada Research Chair as well as the 2019 J.C. Polanyi Award. In addition the
author is grateful to the Guggenheim Foundation for the award of a 2020 fellowship.
References
1. Welch GC, Juan RRS, Masuda JD, Stephan DW (2006) Reversible, Metal-Free Hydrogen
Activation. Science 314(5802):1124–1126. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134230
2. Welch GC, Stephan DW (2007) Facile Heterolytic Cleavage of Dihydrogen by Phosphines
and Boranes. J Am Chem Soc 129(7):1880–1881. https://doi.org/10.1021/Ja067961j
3. Spies P, Erker G, Kehr G, Bergander K, Fröhlich R, Grimme S, Stephan DW (2007)
Rapid Intramolecular Heterolytic Dihydrogen Activation by a Four-Bembered Heterocyclic
Phosphane-Borane Adduct. Chem Commun 47:5072–5074
4. McCahill JSJ, Welch GC, Stephan DW (2007) Reactivity of “Frustrated Lewis Pairs”:
Three-Component Reactions of Phosphines, a Borane, and Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed
46(26):4968–4971. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200701215
5. Jupp AR, Stephan DW (2019) New Directions for Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Trends
in Chemistry 1:35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2019.01.006
6. Stephan DW (2016) The Broadening Reach of Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Science
354:aaf7229. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7229
7. Stephan DW, Erker G (2015) Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: Development and Perspectives.
Angew Chem Int Ed 54(22):6400–6441. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409800
8. Stephan DW (2015) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 137(32):10018–10032. https://
doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b06794
9. Stephan DW (2015) Frustrated Lewis Pairs: From Concept to Catalysis. Acc Chem Res
48(2):306–316. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar500375j
10. Stephan DW, Erker G (2010) Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal-Free Hydrogen Activation and
More. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(1):46–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200903708
11. Stephan DW (2012) Frustrated Lewis Pair Hydrogenations. Org Biomol Chem 10(48):5740–
5746. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2OB25339A
12. Stephan DW, Erker G (2014) Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur
Oxides. Chem Sci 5(7):2625–2641. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4sc00395k
13. Stephan DW, Erker G (2013) Frustrated Lewis Pairs I: Uncovering and Understanding. Top
Curr Chem 332:1–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36697-0
14. Stephan DW, Erker G (2013b) Frustrated Lewis Pairs II: Expanding the Scope. Top Curr
Chem 334:1–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37759-4
D. W. Stephan
FLPs to react with other small molecules led to the development of a range of other
FLP catalyzed processes.
The rapid development of FLP catalysis over the past decade has altered the landscape and provided new options for the evolution and greening of catalyst technologies. While commercial applications are certainly reasonable projections for future
developments, FLPs also offer approaches to the development of new catalytic protocols for synthetic chemistry. This is certainly an area where advances are expected.
FLP catalysis also offers new approaches to other persistent fundamental challenges.
What is clear is that the future of FLP catalysis is bright.
Acknowledgments The author would like to thank and acknowledge the excellent undergraduate
and graduate students as well as postdoctoral fellows who have shared their enthusiasm for developing FLP chemistry. The author is also grateful to NSERC of Canada for research support and
for the award of a Canada Research Chair as well as the 2019 J.C. Polanyi Award. In addition the
author is grateful to the Guggenheim Foundation for the award of a 2020 fellowship.
References
1. Welch GC, Juan RRS, Masuda JD, Stephan DW (2006) Reversible, Metal-Free Hydrogen
Activation. Science 314(5802):1124–1126. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134230
2. Welch GC, Stephan DW (2007) Facile Heterolytic Cleavage of Dihydrogen by Phosphines
and Boranes. J Am Chem Soc 129(7):1880–1881. https://doi.org/10.1021/Ja067961j
3. Spies P, Erker G, Kehr G, Bergander K, Fröhlich R, Grimme S, Stephan DW (2007)
Rapid Intramolecular Heterolytic Dihydrogen Activation by a Four-Bembered Heterocyclic
Phosphane-Borane Adduct. Chem Commun 47:5072–5074
4. McCahill JSJ, Welch GC, Stephan DW (2007) Reactivity of “Frustrated Lewis Pairs”:
Three-Component Reactions of Phosphines, a Borane, and Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed
46(26):4968–4971. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200701215
5. Jupp AR, Stephan DW (2019) New Directions for Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Trends
in Chemistry 1:35–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2019.01.006
6. Stephan DW (2016) The Broadening Reach of Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Science
354:aaf7229. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf7229
7. Stephan DW, Erker G (2015) Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: Development and Perspectives.
Angew Chem Int Ed 54(22):6400–6441. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409800
8. Stephan DW (2015) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 137(32):10018–10032. https://
doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b06794
9. Stephan DW (2015) Frustrated Lewis Pairs: From Concept to Catalysis. Acc Chem Res
48(2):306–316. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar500375j
10. Stephan DW, Erker G (2010) Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal-Free Hydrogen Activation and
More. Angew Chem Int Ed 49(1):46–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200903708
11. Stephan DW (2012) Frustrated Lewis Pair Hydrogenations. Org Biomol Chem 10(48):5740–
5746. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2OB25339A
12. Stephan DW, Erker G (2014) Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur
Oxides. Chem Sci 5(7):2625–2641. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4sc00395k
13. Stephan DW, Erker G (2013) Frustrated Lewis Pairs I: Uncovering and Understanding. Top
Curr Chem 332:1–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36697-0
14. Stephan DW, Erker G (2013b) Frustrated Lewis Pairs II: Expanding the Scope. Top Curr
Chem 334:1–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37759-4