5 Preparation of the Catalysts
209
discipline to solve pollution problems from the source, which is in line with the
concept of sustainable development. The ideal state is not to add reagents and raw
materials that are harmful to the environment and human body, not to expel wastes
and pollution, and not to deal with wastes and waste liquids. In recent years, more
and more attention has been paid to green chemistry synthesis [7, 119, 120].
In view of the specific synthesis process, we should improve the solvent, reducing
agent, synthesis strategy, capping agent and other aspects, so as to make it environmentally friendly and economical. Organic solvents such as oleylamine, dimethyl
formamide, ethylene glycol are the most common solvents in the preparation of catalysts by liquid-phase method. Therefore, environmentally friendly organic solvents or
water should be preferred in green synthesis, or ionic liquids and supercritical fluids
should be used as reaction media. Electrochemical synthesis is the main method
of green synthesis, the electrolysis process does not need to use toxic reaction
reagents, and the synthesis process often occurs in the environmental conditions,
so it is expected to be widely used in the green synthesis of catalysts. Sodium borohydride, formaldehyde, glycerin, hydrazine hydrate, carbon monoxide and other
reductants, small molecules, polysaccharides or biological molecules as protective
agents, are easy to clean and non-toxic. In addition, to reduce energy consumption and
increase economic benefits, the preparation process should be conducted at ambient
temperature and pressure as far as possible [7, 121, 122].
References
1. Li M, Zhao Z, Cheng T et al (2016) Ultrafine jagged platinum nanowires enable ultrahigh
mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. Science 354(6318):1414–1419
2. Niu Z, Li Y (2013) Removal and utilization of capping agents in nano catalysis. Chem Mater
26(1):72–83
3. Li D, Wang C, Tripkovic D et al (2012) Surfactant removal for colloidal nanoparticles from
solution synthesis: the effect on catalytic performance. ACS Catal 2(7):1358–1362
4. Roy C, Knudsen BP, Pedersen CM et al (2018) Scalable synthesis of carbon-supported
platinum-lanthanide and rare-earth alloys for oxygen reduction. ACS Catal 8(3):2071–2080
5. Choi J, Jang J, Roh C et al (2018) Gram-scale synthesis of highly active and durable octahedral
PtNi nanoparticle catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl Catal B 225:530–
537
6. Zhang L, Xia Y (2014) Scaling up the production of colloidal nanocrystals: should we increase
or decrease the reaction volume. Adv Mater 26(16):2600–2606
7. Duan H, Wang D, Li Y (2015) Green chemistry for nanoparticle synthesis. 44(16):5778–5792
8. Zhang J, Du J, Han B et al (2006) Sonochemical formation of single-crystalline gold nanobelts.
Angew Chem Int Ed 45(7):1116–1119
9. Langille MR, Zhang J, Mirkin CA (2011) Plasmon-mediated synthesis of heterometallic
nanorods and icosahedra. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(15):3543–3547
10. Kim F, Song JH, Yang P (2002) Photochemical synthesis of gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc
124(48):14316–14317
11. Wang X, Zhuang J, Peng Q et al (2005) A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis. Nature
437(7055):121–124
12. Mart´ ınez-Rodr´ ıguez RA, Vidal-Iglesias FJ, Solla-Gullón J et al (2014) Synthesis of Pt
nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsion: effect of HCl on their surface structure. J Am
Chem Soc 136(4):1280–1283
209
discipline to solve pollution problems from the source, which is in line with the
concept of sustainable development. The ideal state is not to add reagents and raw
materials that are harmful to the environment and human body, not to expel wastes
and pollution, and not to deal with wastes and waste liquids. In recent years, more
and more attention has been paid to green chemistry synthesis [7, 119, 120].
In view of the specific synthesis process, we should improve the solvent, reducing
agent, synthesis strategy, capping agent and other aspects, so as to make it environmentally friendly and economical. Organic solvents such as oleylamine, dimethyl
formamide, ethylene glycol are the most common solvents in the preparation of catalysts by liquid-phase method. Therefore, environmentally friendly organic solvents or
water should be preferred in green synthesis, or ionic liquids and supercritical fluids
should be used as reaction media. Electrochemical synthesis is the main method
of green synthesis, the electrolysis process does not need to use toxic reaction
reagents, and the synthesis process often occurs in the environmental conditions,
so it is expected to be widely used in the green synthesis of catalysts. Sodium borohydride, formaldehyde, glycerin, hydrazine hydrate, carbon monoxide and other
reductants, small molecules, polysaccharides or biological molecules as protective
agents, are easy to clean and non-toxic. In addition, to reduce energy consumption and
increase economic benefits, the preparation process should be conducted at ambient
temperature and pressure as far as possible [7, 121, 122].
References
1. Li M, Zhao Z, Cheng T et al (2016) Ultrafine jagged platinum nanowires enable ultrahigh
mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. Science 354(6318):1414–1419
2. Niu Z, Li Y (2013) Removal and utilization of capping agents in nano catalysis. Chem Mater
26(1):72–83
3. Li D, Wang C, Tripkovic D et al (2012) Surfactant removal for colloidal nanoparticles from
solution synthesis: the effect on catalytic performance. ACS Catal 2(7):1358–1362
4. Roy C, Knudsen BP, Pedersen CM et al (2018) Scalable synthesis of carbon-supported
platinum-lanthanide and rare-earth alloys for oxygen reduction. ACS Catal 8(3):2071–2080
5. Choi J, Jang J, Roh C et al (2018) Gram-scale synthesis of highly active and durable octahedral
PtNi nanoparticle catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Appl Catal B 225:530–
537
6. Zhang L, Xia Y (2014) Scaling up the production of colloidal nanocrystals: should we increase
or decrease the reaction volume. Adv Mater 26(16):2600–2606
7. Duan H, Wang D, Li Y (2015) Green chemistry for nanoparticle synthesis. 44(16):5778–5792
8. Zhang J, Du J, Han B et al (2006) Sonochemical formation of single-crystalline gold nanobelts.
Angew Chem Int Ed 45(7):1116–1119
9. Langille MR, Zhang J, Mirkin CA (2011) Plasmon-mediated synthesis of heterometallic
nanorods and icosahedra. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(15):3543–3547
10. Kim F, Song JH, Yang P (2002) Photochemical synthesis of gold nanorods. J Am Chem Soc
124(48):14316–14317
11. Wang X, Zhuang J, Peng Q et al (2005) A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis. Nature
437(7055):121–124
12. Mart´ ınez-Rodr´ ıguez RA, Vidal-Iglesias FJ, Solla-Gullón J et al (2014) Synthesis of Pt
nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsion: effect of HCl on their surface structure. J Am
Chem Soc 136(4):1280–1283