182
Y. Li et al.
392. Sheng Z-H, Shao L, Chen J-J et al (2011) Catalyst-free synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene
via thermal annealing graphite oxide with melamine and its excellent electrocatalysis. ACS
Nano 5:4350–4358
393. Boukhvalov DW, Son Y-W (2012) Oxygen reduction reactions on pure and nitrogen-doped
graphene: a first-principles modeling. Nanoscale 4:417–420
394. Kim H, Lee K, Woo SI et al (2011) On the mechanism of enhanced oxygen reduction reaction
in nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:17505
395. Ferrighi L, Datteo M, Di Valentin C (2013) Boosting graphene reactivity with oxygen by boron
doping: density functional theory modeling of the reaction path. J Phys Chem C 118:223–230
396. Tam TV, Kang SG, Kim MH et al (2019) Novel graphene hydrogel/B-doped graphene
quantum dots composites as trifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn-Air batteries and overall
Water Splitting. Adv Energy Mater 9:1900945
397. Zhang C, Mahmood N, Yin H et al (2013) Synthesis of phosphorus-doped graphene and
its multifunctional applications for oxygen reduction reaction and lithium ion batteries. Adv
Mater 25:4932–4937
398. Li R, Wei Z, Gou X et al (2013) Phosphorus-doped graphene nanosheets as efficient metal-free
oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. RSC Adv 3:9978–9984
399. Yang Z, Yao Z, Li G et al (2011) Sulfur-doped graphene as an efficient metal-free cathode
catalyst for oxygen reduction. ACS Nano 6:205–211
400. Yao Z, Nie H, Yang Z et al (2012) Catalyst-free synthesis of iodine-doped graphene via a
facile thermal annealing process and its use for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction in an alkaline
medium. Chem Commun 48:1027
401. Song L, Liu Z, Reddy ALM et al (2012) Binary and ternary atomic layers built from carbon,
boron, and nitrogen. Adv Mater 24:4878–4895
402. Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Ge L et al (2013) Two-step boron and nitrogen doping in graphene for
enhanced synergistic catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:3110–3116
403. Ci L, Song L, Jin C et al (2010) Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene
domains. Nat Mater 9:430–435
404. Wang X, Wang J, Wang D et al (2014) One-pot synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped
graphene as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Chem
Commun 50:4839–4842
405. Su Y, Zhang Y, Zhuang X et al (2013) Low-temperature synthesis of nitrogen/sulfur co-doped
three-dimensional graphene frameworks as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen
reduction reaction. Carbon 62:296–301
406. Liu R, Wu D, Feng X et al (2010) Nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous graphitic arrays with
high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:2565–2569
407. Yang W, Fellinger T-P, Antonietti M (2010) Efficient metal-free oxygen reduction in alkaline
medium on high-surface-area mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbons made from ionic liquids
and nucleobases. J Am Chem Soc 133:206–209
408. Han C, Wang J, Gong Y et al (2014) Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon hemispheres as efficient
metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium. J Mater Chem
A 2:605–609
409. Bo X, Guo L (2013) Ordered mesoporous boron-doped carbons as metal-free electrocatalysts
for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:2459–2465
410. Jo G, Shanmugam S (2012) Single-step synthetic approach for boron-doped carbons as a nonprecious catalyst for oxygen reduction in alkaline medium. Electrochem Commun 25:101–104
411. Yang D-S, Bhattacharjya D, Inamdar S et al (2012) Phosphorus-doped ordered mesoporous
carbons with different lengths as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction
reaction in alkaline media. J Am Chem Soc 134:16127–16130
412. Wu J, Yang Z, Sun Q et al (2014) Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of phosphorus-doped
carbon xerogel for oxygen reduction. Electrochim. Acta 127:53–60
413. Jin J, Pan F, Jiang L et al (2014) Catalyst-free synthesis of crumpled boron and nitrogen
Co-doped graphite layers with tunable bond structure for oxygen reduction reaction. ACS
Nano 8:3313–3321
414. Jiang H, Zhu Y, Feng Q et al (2014) Nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped hierarchical porous
carbon foams as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions. ChemEur J 20:3106–3112
Y. Li et al.
392. Sheng Z-H, Shao L, Chen J-J et al (2011) Catalyst-free synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene
via thermal annealing graphite oxide with melamine and its excellent electrocatalysis. ACS
Nano 5:4350–4358
393. Boukhvalov DW, Son Y-W (2012) Oxygen reduction reactions on pure and nitrogen-doped
graphene: a first-principles modeling. Nanoscale 4:417–420
394. Kim H, Lee K, Woo SI et al (2011) On the mechanism of enhanced oxygen reduction reaction
in nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:17505
395. Ferrighi L, Datteo M, Di Valentin C (2013) Boosting graphene reactivity with oxygen by boron
doping: density functional theory modeling of the reaction path. J Phys Chem C 118:223–230
396. Tam TV, Kang SG, Kim MH et al (2019) Novel graphene hydrogel/B-doped graphene
quantum dots composites as trifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn-Air batteries and overall
Water Splitting. Adv Energy Mater 9:1900945
397. Zhang C, Mahmood N, Yin H et al (2013) Synthesis of phosphorus-doped graphene and
its multifunctional applications for oxygen reduction reaction and lithium ion batteries. Adv
Mater 25:4932–4937
398. Li R, Wei Z, Gou X et al (2013) Phosphorus-doped graphene nanosheets as efficient metal-free
oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. RSC Adv 3:9978–9984
399. Yang Z, Yao Z, Li G et al (2011) Sulfur-doped graphene as an efficient metal-free cathode
catalyst for oxygen reduction. ACS Nano 6:205–211
400. Yao Z, Nie H, Yang Z et al (2012) Catalyst-free synthesis of iodine-doped graphene via a
facile thermal annealing process and its use for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction in an alkaline
medium. Chem Commun 48:1027
401. Song L, Liu Z, Reddy ALM et al (2012) Binary and ternary atomic layers built from carbon,
boron, and nitrogen. Adv Mater 24:4878–4895
402. Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Ge L et al (2013) Two-step boron and nitrogen doping in graphene for
enhanced synergistic catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:3110–3116
403. Ci L, Song L, Jin C et al (2010) Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene
domains. Nat Mater 9:430–435
404. Wang X, Wang J, Wang D et al (2014) One-pot synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped
graphene as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Chem
Commun 50:4839–4842
405. Su Y, Zhang Y, Zhuang X et al (2013) Low-temperature synthesis of nitrogen/sulfur co-doped
three-dimensional graphene frameworks as efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen
reduction reaction. Carbon 62:296–301
406. Liu R, Wu D, Feng X et al (2010) Nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous graphitic arrays with
high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:2565–2569
407. Yang W, Fellinger T-P, Antonietti M (2010) Efficient metal-free oxygen reduction in alkaline
medium on high-surface-area mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbons made from ionic liquids
and nucleobases. J Am Chem Soc 133:206–209
408. Han C, Wang J, Gong Y et al (2014) Nitrogen-doped hollow carbon hemispheres as efficient
metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium. J Mater Chem
A 2:605–609
409. Bo X, Guo L (2013) Ordered mesoporous boron-doped carbons as metal-free electrocatalysts
for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:2459–2465
410. Jo G, Shanmugam S (2012) Single-step synthetic approach for boron-doped carbons as a nonprecious catalyst for oxygen reduction in alkaline medium. Electrochem Commun 25:101–104
411. Yang D-S, Bhattacharjya D, Inamdar S et al (2012) Phosphorus-doped ordered mesoporous
carbons with different lengths as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction
reaction in alkaline media. J Am Chem Soc 134:16127–16130
412. Wu J, Yang Z, Sun Q et al (2014) Synthesis and electrocatalytic activity of phosphorus-doped
carbon xerogel for oxygen reduction. Electrochim. Acta 127:53–60
413. Jin J, Pan F, Jiang L et al (2014) Catalyst-free synthesis of crumpled boron and nitrogen
Co-doped graphite layers with tunable bond structure for oxygen reduction reaction. ACS
Nano 8:3313–3321
414. Jiang H, Zhu Y, Feng Q et al (2014) Nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped hierarchical porous
carbon foams as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions. ChemEur J 20:3106–3112