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89. Liang J, Jiao Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ (2012) Sulfurand nitrogen dual-doped mesoporous
graphene electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction with synergistically enhanced performance.
Angew Chem Int Ed 51:11496–11500
90. He C, Zhang JJ, Shen PK (2014) Nitrogen-self-doped graphene-based non-precious metal
catalyst with superior performance to Pt/C catalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction. J.
Mater. Chem. A 2:3231–3236
91. He C, Li Z, Cai M, Cai M, Wang J-Q, Tian Z, Zhang X, Shen PK (2013) A strategy for mass
production of self-assembled nitrogen-doped graphene as catalytic materials. J Mater Chem
A 1:1401–1406
92. Wang YJ, Wilkinson DP, Zhang J (2011) Noncarbon support materials for polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cell electrocatalysts. Chem Rev 111:7625–7651
93. Sabawa JP, Aliaksandr S (2019) Bandarenka, Degradation mechanisms in polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells caused by freeze-cycles: Investigation using electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 311:21–29
94. Liu Y, Shrestha S, Mustain WE (2012) Synthesis of nanosize tungsten oxide and its evaluation
as an electrocatalyst support for oxygen reduction in acid media. ACS Catal 2:456–463
95. Awaludin Z, Suzuki M, Masud J, Okajima T, Ohsaka T (2011) Enhanced electrocatalysis of
oxygen reduction on Pt/TaOx/GC. J Phys Chem C 115:25557–25567
96. Korovina A, Garsany Y, Epshteyn A, Purdy AP, More K, Swider-Lyons KE, Ramaker
DE (2012) Understanding oxygen reduction on tantalum oxyphosphate and tantalum oxide
supported platinum by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Phys Chem C 116:18175–18183
97. Xu L, Jiang QQ, Xiao ZH, Li AXY, Huo J, Wang SY (2016) Plasma-engraved Co 3 O 4
nanosheets with oxygen vacancies and high surface area for the oxygen evolution reaction.
Angew Chem Int Edit 128:5363–5367
98. Tong Y, Chen P, Zhou T, Xu K, Chu W, Wu C, Xie Y (2017) A bifunctional hybrid electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution: Cobalt oxide nanoparticles strongly coupled to
B. N-decorated Graphene Angew Chem Int Edit 129:7227–7231
99. Liardet L, Hu X (2018) Amorphous cobalt vanadium oxide as a highly active electrocatalyst
for oxygen evolution. ACS Catal 8:644–650
100. Zhang L, Wang L, Holt CM, Zahiri B, Li Z, Malek K, Navessin T, Eikerling MH, Mitlin D
(2012) Highly corrosion resistant platinum-niobium oxide-carbon nanotube electrodes for the
oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells. Energy Environ Sci 5:6156–6172
101. Huang S-Y, Ganesan P, Park S, Popov BN (2009) Development of a titanium dioxidesupported platinum catalyst with ultrahigh stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel
cell applications. J Am Chem Soc 131:13898–13899
102. Sasaki K, Zhang L, Adzic RR (2008) Niobium oxide-supported platinum ultra-low amount
electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10:159–167
103. Saha MS, Li R, Cai M, Sun X (2007) High electrocatalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles
on SnO 2 nanowire-based electrodes. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 10:B130–B133
104. Kulesza PJ, Miecznikowski K, Baranowska B, Skunik M, Fiechter S, Bogdanoff P, Dorbandt I
(2006) Tungsten oxide as active matrix for dispersed carbon-supported RuSe x nanoparticles:
Enhancement of the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Electrochem Commun 8:904–908
105. Levy RB, Boudart M (1973) Platinum-like behavior of tungsten carbide in surface catalysis.
Science 181:547–549
106. Lu C, Tranca D, Zhang J, Rodríguez Hernández FN, Su Y, Zhuang X, Zhang F, Seifert G,
Feng X (2017) Molybdenum carbide-embedded nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets as
electrocatalysts for water splitting in alkaline media. ACS Nano 11:3933-3942
107. Lin H, Liu N, Shi Z, Guo Y, Tang Y, Gao Q (2016) Cobalt-doping in molybdenum-carbide
nanowires toward efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv Funct Mater 26:5590–
5598
108. Nie M, Shen PK, Wei Z (2007) Nanocrystaline tungsten carbide supported Au-Pd electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. J Power Sourc 167:69–73
109. Meng H, Shen PK (2005) Tungsten carbide nanocrystal promoted Pt/C electrocatalysts for
oxygen reduction. J Phys Chem B 109:22705–22709
Y. Li et al.
89. Liang J, Jiao Y, Jaroniec M, Qiao SZ (2012) Sulfurand nitrogen dual-doped mesoporous
graphene electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction with synergistically enhanced performance.
Angew Chem Int Ed 51:11496–11500
90. He C, Zhang JJ, Shen PK (2014) Nitrogen-self-doped graphene-based non-precious metal
catalyst with superior performance to Pt/C catalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction. J.
Mater. Chem. A 2:3231–3236
91. He C, Li Z, Cai M, Cai M, Wang J-Q, Tian Z, Zhang X, Shen PK (2013) A strategy for mass
production of self-assembled nitrogen-doped graphene as catalytic materials. J Mater Chem
A 1:1401–1406
92. Wang YJ, Wilkinson DP, Zhang J (2011) Noncarbon support materials for polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cell electrocatalysts. Chem Rev 111:7625–7651
93. Sabawa JP, Aliaksandr S (2019) Bandarenka, Degradation mechanisms in polymer electrolyte
membrane fuel cells caused by freeze-cycles: Investigation using electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 311:21–29
94. Liu Y, Shrestha S, Mustain WE (2012) Synthesis of nanosize tungsten oxide and its evaluation
as an electrocatalyst support for oxygen reduction in acid media. ACS Catal 2:456–463
95. Awaludin Z, Suzuki M, Masud J, Okajima T, Ohsaka T (2011) Enhanced electrocatalysis of
oxygen reduction on Pt/TaOx/GC. J Phys Chem C 115:25557–25567
96. Korovina A, Garsany Y, Epshteyn A, Purdy AP, More K, Swider-Lyons KE, Ramaker
DE (2012) Understanding oxygen reduction on tantalum oxyphosphate and tantalum oxide
supported platinum by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Phys Chem C 116:18175–18183
97. Xu L, Jiang QQ, Xiao ZH, Li AXY, Huo J, Wang SY (2016) Plasma-engraved Co 3 O 4
nanosheets with oxygen vacancies and high surface area for the oxygen evolution reaction.
Angew Chem Int Edit 128:5363–5367
98. Tong Y, Chen P, Zhou T, Xu K, Chu W, Wu C, Xie Y (2017) A bifunctional hybrid electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution: Cobalt oxide nanoparticles strongly coupled to
B. N-decorated Graphene Angew Chem Int Edit 129:7227–7231
99. Liardet L, Hu X (2018) Amorphous cobalt vanadium oxide as a highly active electrocatalyst
for oxygen evolution. ACS Catal 8:644–650
100. Zhang L, Wang L, Holt CM, Zahiri B, Li Z, Malek K, Navessin T, Eikerling MH, Mitlin D
(2012) Highly corrosion resistant platinum-niobium oxide-carbon nanotube electrodes for the
oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells. Energy Environ Sci 5:6156–6172
101. Huang S-Y, Ganesan P, Park S, Popov BN (2009) Development of a titanium dioxidesupported platinum catalyst with ultrahigh stability for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel
cell applications. J Am Chem Soc 131:13898–13899
102. Sasaki K, Zhang L, Adzic RR (2008) Niobium oxide-supported platinum ultra-low amount
electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10:159–167
103. Saha MS, Li R, Cai M, Sun X (2007) High electrocatalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles
on SnO 2 nanowire-based electrodes. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 10:B130–B133
104. Kulesza PJ, Miecznikowski K, Baranowska B, Skunik M, Fiechter S, Bogdanoff P, Dorbandt I
(2006) Tungsten oxide as active matrix for dispersed carbon-supported RuSe x nanoparticles:
Enhancement of the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Electrochem Commun 8:904–908
105. Levy RB, Boudart M (1973) Platinum-like behavior of tungsten carbide in surface catalysis.
Science 181:547–549
106. Lu C, Tranca D, Zhang J, Rodríguez Hernández FN, Su Y, Zhuang X, Zhang F, Seifert G,
Feng X (2017) Molybdenum carbide-embedded nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets as
electrocatalysts for water splitting in alkaline media. ACS Nano 11:3933-3942
107. Lin H, Liu N, Shi Z, Guo Y, Tang Y, Gao Q (2016) Cobalt-doping in molybdenum-carbide
nanowires toward efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv Funct Mater 26:5590–
5598
108. Nie M, Shen PK, Wei Z (2007) Nanocrystaline tungsten carbide supported Au-Pd electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. J Power Sourc 167:69–73
109. Meng H, Shen PK (2005) Tungsten carbide nanocrystal promoted Pt/C electrocatalysts for
oxygen reduction. J Phys Chem B 109:22705–22709