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R. Röhlsberger and J. Evers
coherences between nuclear levels. One of those coupling schemes leads to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), another one to spontaneously generated
coherences (SGC), and many others are still to be explored, opening exciting perspectives for future research in the field of cooperative emission and quantum optics
with hard x-rays. Further engineering of photonic structures in one, two, or even
three dimensions with modern thin-film deposition methods and lateral structuring
techniques enables one to reach the regime of collective strong coupling between
x-rays and nuclear resonances. We have demonstrated the basic effects encountered
in this regime, namely normal mode splitting of the resonances and Rabi oscillations between nuclear ensembles. While all these effects could be explored in the
limit of single-photon excitation, new avenues could open up under conditions of
multiphoton excitation. This includes stimulated emission, nonlinear x-ray optics,
multiphoton cooperative emission, novel hybrid light-matter states in cavities, to
name a few. Especially intriguing in this area would be the simultaneous coupling of
different types of photonic structures like cavities and multilayers to further enhance
the multiphoton light-matter coupling with nuclear resonances. Moreover, the concepts presented in this review even open the possibility to transfer them into other
wavelength regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum. One could explore these effects
also with narrow resonance of inner-shell resonances, where first measurements on
the collective Lamb shift have been performed [163]. Further applications could be
to realize concepts of quantum memory with nuclear resonances which could even
form a bridge into the area of quantum computing implementations.
Acknowledgements The results presented in this review would not have been possible without
the eminent contributions of numerous coworkers and colleagues over the past ten years, We are
gratefully indebted for their various contributions. Amongst those, there are few who we would
like to mention in particular. First and foremost, this is Marlan O. Scully who, during the PQE
conference in Snowbird in 2009, inspired our work on the collective Lamb shift, which was the
initial spark that ignited the field of cavity-based nuclear quantum optics. It was then during the
following years where the lively discussions with Bernhard Adams, Olga Kocharovskaya, Anatoly
Svidzinsky and others, constituted a constant source of inspiration for the development of this field.
In the following we would like to list—in alphabetical order—those colleagues who contributed in
many ways to the development of the field, ranging from stimulating discussions to hands-on work in
the laboratories and during the experiments at the synchrotron radiation sources ESRF and PETRA
III: Hendrik Bernhardt, Lars Bocklage, Alexander I. Chumakov, Sebastien Couet, Frank-Uwe Dill,
Jakob Gollwitzer, Tatyana Gurieva, Johann Haber, Kilian Heeg, Andreas Kaldun, Christoph H.
Keitel, Dominik Lentrodt, Robert Loetzsch, Olaf Leupold, Berit Marx, Xiangjin Kong, Christian
Ott, Adriana Palffy, Gerhard Paulus, Thomas Pfeifer, Sasha Poddubbny, André Rothkirch, Rudolf
Rüffer, Balaram Sahoo, Kai Schlage, Kai-Sven Schulze, Daniel Schumacher, Cornelius Strohm,
Ingo Uschmann, Hans-Christian Wille, and Svenja Willing.
References
1. R. Loudon, The Quantum Theory of Light (Oxford University Press, 1983)
2. M.O. Scully, M.S. Zubairy, Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, 1997)
3. M. Fox, Quantum Optics (Oxford University Press, 2006)
R. Röhlsberger and J. Evers
coherences between nuclear levels. One of those coupling schemes leads to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), another one to spontaneously generated
coherences (SGC), and many others are still to be explored, opening exciting perspectives for future research in the field of cooperative emission and quantum optics
with hard x-rays. Further engineering of photonic structures in one, two, or even
three dimensions with modern thin-film deposition methods and lateral structuring
techniques enables one to reach the regime of collective strong coupling between
x-rays and nuclear resonances. We have demonstrated the basic effects encountered
in this regime, namely normal mode splitting of the resonances and Rabi oscillations between nuclear ensembles. While all these effects could be explored in the
limit of single-photon excitation, new avenues could open up under conditions of
multiphoton excitation. This includes stimulated emission, nonlinear x-ray optics,
multiphoton cooperative emission, novel hybrid light-matter states in cavities, to
name a few. Especially intriguing in this area would be the simultaneous coupling of
different types of photonic structures like cavities and multilayers to further enhance
the multiphoton light-matter coupling with nuclear resonances. Moreover, the concepts presented in this review even open the possibility to transfer them into other
wavelength regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum. One could explore these effects
also with narrow resonance of inner-shell resonances, where first measurements on
the collective Lamb shift have been performed [163]. Further applications could be
to realize concepts of quantum memory with nuclear resonances which could even
form a bridge into the area of quantum computing implementations.
Acknowledgements The results presented in this review would not have been possible without
the eminent contributions of numerous coworkers and colleagues over the past ten years, We are
gratefully indebted for their various contributions. Amongst those, there are few who we would
like to mention in particular. First and foremost, this is Marlan O. Scully who, during the PQE
conference in Snowbird in 2009, inspired our work on the collective Lamb shift, which was the
initial spark that ignited the field of cavity-based nuclear quantum optics. It was then during the
following years where the lively discussions with Bernhard Adams, Olga Kocharovskaya, Anatoly
Svidzinsky and others, constituted a constant source of inspiration for the development of this field.
In the following we would like to list—in alphabetical order—those colleagues who contributed in
many ways to the development of the field, ranging from stimulating discussions to hands-on work in
the laboratories and during the experiments at the synchrotron radiation sources ESRF and PETRA
III: Hendrik Bernhardt, Lars Bocklage, Alexander I. Chumakov, Sebastien Couet, Frank-Uwe Dill,
Jakob Gollwitzer, Tatyana Gurieva, Johann Haber, Kilian Heeg, Andreas Kaldun, Christoph H.
Keitel, Dominik Lentrodt, Robert Loetzsch, Olaf Leupold, Berit Marx, Xiangjin Kong, Christian
Ott, Adriana Palffy, Gerhard Paulus, Thomas Pfeifer, Sasha Poddubbny, André Rothkirch, Rudolf
Rüffer, Balaram Sahoo, Kai Schlage, Kai-Sven Schulze, Daniel Schumacher, Cornelius Strohm,
Ingo Uschmann, Hans-Christian Wille, and Svenja Willing.
References
1. R. Loudon, The Quantum Theory of Light (Oxford University Press, 1983)
2. M.O. Scully, M.S. Zubairy, Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, 1997)
3. M. Fox, Quantum Optics (Oxford University Press, 2006)