55. Yang D, Peng S, Hartman MR, Gupton-Campolongo T, Rice EJ, Chang AK, Gu Z, Lu GQ,
Luo D (2013) Enhanced transcription and translation in clay hydrogel and implications for
early life evolution. Sci Rep 3:3165
56. Cai P, Huang Q-Y, Zhang X-W (2006) Interactions of DNA with clay minerals and soil
colloidal particles and protection against degradation by DNase. Environ Sci Technol
40:2971–2976
57. Haraguchi K, Takehisa T (2002) Nanocomposite hydrogels: a unique organic–inorganic
network structure with extraordinary mechanical, optical, and swelling/de-swelling properties.
Adv Mater 14:1120–1124
58. Haraguchi K, Takehisa T, Fan S (2002) Effects of clay content on the properties of
nanocomposite hydrogels composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and clay. Macromolecules 35:10162–10171
59. Haraguchi K, Farnworth R, Ohbayashi A, Takehisa T (2003) Compositional effects on
mechanical properties of nanocomposite hydrogels composed of poly(N,
N-dimethylacrylamide) and clay. Macromolecules 36:5732–5741
60. Haraguchi K, Li H-J, Matsuda K, Takehisa T, Elliott E (2005) Mechanism of forming organic/
inorganic network structures during in-situ free-radical polymerization in PNIPAÀclay
nanocomposite hydrogels. Macromolecules 38:3482–3490
61. Klein A, Whitten PG, Resch K, Pinter G (2015) Nanocomposite hydrogels: fracture toughness
and energy dissipation mechanisms. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 53:1763–1773
62. Okay O, Oppermann W (2007) Polyacrylamide – clay nanocomposite hydrogels: rheological
and light scattering characterization. Macromolecules 40:3378–3387
63. Haraguchi K, Uyama K, Tanimoto H (2011) Self-healing in nanocomposite hydrogels.
Macromol Rapid Commun 32:1253–1258
64. Mongondry P, Tassin J-F, Nicolai T (2005) Revised state diagram of Laponite dispersions.
J Colloid Interface Sci 283:397–405
65. Mongondry P, Nicolai T, Tassin J-F (2004) Influence of pyrophosphate or polyethylene oxide
on the aggregation and gelation of aqueous Laponite dispersions. J Colloid Interface Sci
275:191–196
66. Topuz F, Okay O (2009) Formation of hydrogels by simultaneous denaturation and crosslinking of DNA. Biomacromolecules 10:2652–2661
67. Karacan P, Okay O (2013) Ethidium bromide binding to DNA cryogels. React Funct Polym
73:442–450
68. Pan W, Wen H, Niu L, Su C, Liu C, Zhao J, Mao C, Liang D (2016) Effects of chain flexibility
on the properties of DNA hydrogels. Soft Matter 12:5537–5541
69. Topuz F, Okay O (2008) Rheological behavior of responsive DNA hydrogels. Macromolecules 41:8847–8854
70. Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu W (2015) Dipole-dipole and H-bonding interactions significantly enhance
the multifaceted mechanical properties of thermoresponsive shape memory hydrogels. Adv
Funct Mater 25:471–480
71. Wang YJ, Li CY, Wang ZJ, Zhao Y, Chen L, Wu ZL, Zheng Q (2018) Hydrogen bondreinforced double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh elastic modulus and shape memory
property. J Polym Sci B 56:1281–1286
72. Yuan T, Cui X, Liu X, Qu X, Sun J (2019) Highly tough, stretchable, self-healing, and
recyclable hydrogels reinforced by in situ-formed polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles.
Macromolecules 52:3141–3149
73. Yang J, Xu F, Han CR (2017) Metal ion mediated cellulose nanofibrils transient network in
covalently cross-linked hydrogels: mechanistic insight into morphology and dynamics.
Biomacromolecules 18:1019–1028
74. Wei Z, He J, Liang T, Oh H, Athas J, Tong Z, Wang C, Nie Z (2013) Autonomous self-healing
of poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels induced by the migration of ferric ions. Polym Chem
4:4601–4605
58
O. Okay
Luo D (2013) Enhanced transcription and translation in clay hydrogel and implications for
early life evolution. Sci Rep 3:3165
56. Cai P, Huang Q-Y, Zhang X-W (2006) Interactions of DNA with clay minerals and soil
colloidal particles and protection against degradation by DNase. Environ Sci Technol
40:2971–2976
57. Haraguchi K, Takehisa T (2002) Nanocomposite hydrogels: a unique organic–inorganic
network structure with extraordinary mechanical, optical, and swelling/de-swelling properties.
Adv Mater 14:1120–1124
58. Haraguchi K, Takehisa T, Fan S (2002) Effects of clay content on the properties of
nanocomposite hydrogels composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and clay. Macromolecules 35:10162–10171
59. Haraguchi K, Farnworth R, Ohbayashi A, Takehisa T (2003) Compositional effects on
mechanical properties of nanocomposite hydrogels composed of poly(N,
N-dimethylacrylamide) and clay. Macromolecules 36:5732–5741
60. Haraguchi K, Li H-J, Matsuda K, Takehisa T, Elliott E (2005) Mechanism of forming organic/
inorganic network structures during in-situ free-radical polymerization in PNIPAÀclay
nanocomposite hydrogels. Macromolecules 38:3482–3490
61. Klein A, Whitten PG, Resch K, Pinter G (2015) Nanocomposite hydrogels: fracture toughness
and energy dissipation mechanisms. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 53:1763–1773
62. Okay O, Oppermann W (2007) Polyacrylamide – clay nanocomposite hydrogels: rheological
and light scattering characterization. Macromolecules 40:3378–3387
63. Haraguchi K, Uyama K, Tanimoto H (2011) Self-healing in nanocomposite hydrogels.
Macromol Rapid Commun 32:1253–1258
64. Mongondry P, Tassin J-F, Nicolai T (2005) Revised state diagram of Laponite dispersions.
J Colloid Interface Sci 283:397–405
65. Mongondry P, Nicolai T, Tassin J-F (2004) Influence of pyrophosphate or polyethylene oxide
on the aggregation and gelation of aqueous Laponite dispersions. J Colloid Interface Sci
275:191–196
66. Topuz F, Okay O (2009) Formation of hydrogels by simultaneous denaturation and crosslinking of DNA. Biomacromolecules 10:2652–2661
67. Karacan P, Okay O (2013) Ethidium bromide binding to DNA cryogels. React Funct Polym
73:442–450
68. Pan W, Wen H, Niu L, Su C, Liu C, Zhao J, Mao C, Liang D (2016) Effects of chain flexibility
on the properties of DNA hydrogels. Soft Matter 12:5537–5541
69. Topuz F, Okay O (2008) Rheological behavior of responsive DNA hydrogels. Macromolecules 41:8847–8854
70. Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu W (2015) Dipole-dipole and H-bonding interactions significantly enhance
the multifaceted mechanical properties of thermoresponsive shape memory hydrogels. Adv
Funct Mater 25:471–480
71. Wang YJ, Li CY, Wang ZJ, Zhao Y, Chen L, Wu ZL, Zheng Q (2018) Hydrogen bondreinforced double-network hydrogels with ultrahigh elastic modulus and shape memory
property. J Polym Sci B 56:1281–1286
72. Yuan T, Cui X, Liu X, Qu X, Sun J (2019) Highly tough, stretchable, self-healing, and
recyclable hydrogels reinforced by in situ-formed polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles.
Macromolecules 52:3141–3149
73. Yang J, Xu F, Han CR (2017) Metal ion mediated cellulose nanofibrils transient network in
covalently cross-linked hydrogels: mechanistic insight into morphology and dynamics.
Biomacromolecules 18:1019–1028
74. Wei Z, He J, Liang T, Oh H, Athas J, Tong Z, Wang C, Nie Z (2013) Autonomous self-healing
of poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels induced by the migration of ferric ions. Polym Chem
4:4601–4605
58
O. Okay