hydrogels will help us to broaden their applications and give an insight into
designing long-term load-bearing soft materials.
References
1. Beebe DJ et al (2000) Functional hydrogel structures for autonomous flow control inside
microfluidic channels. Nature 404:588–590
2. Sidorenko A, Krupenkin T, Taylor A, Fratzl P, Aizenberg J (2007) Reversible switching of
hydrogel-actuated nanostructures into complex micropatterns. Science 315(5811):487–490
3. Richter A et al (2008) Review on hydrogel-based pH sensors and microsensors. Sensors
8(1):561–581
4. Gerlach G et al (2005) Chemical and pH sensors based on the swelling behavior of hydrogels.
Sens Actuators B 111(11):555–561
5. Zhang YZ et al (2018) MXenes stretch hydrogel sensor performance to new limits. Sci Adv
4(6):eaat0098
6. Osada Y, Okuzaki H, Hori H (1992) A polymer gel with electrically driven motility. Nature
355:242–244
7. Okuzaki H, Osada Y (1993) A chemomechanical polymer gel with electrically driven motility.
J Intell Mater Syst Struct 4(1):50–53
8. Li J, Mooney DJ (2016) Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Nat Rev Mater
1:16071
9. Kamath KR, Park K (1993) Biodegradable hydrogels in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev
11:59–84
10. Peppas NA, Khare AR (1993) Preparation, structure and diffusional behavior of hydrogels in
controlled release. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11:1–35
11. Tanaka Y, Fukao K, Miyamoto Y (2000) Fracture energy of gels. Eur Phys J E 3(4):395–401
12. Naficy S et al (2011) Progress toward robust polymer hydrogels. Aust J Chem 64(8):1007–1025
13. Baumberger T, Caroli C, Martina D (2006) Solvent control of crack dynamics in a reversible
hydrogel. Nat Mater 5:552–555
14. Yang CH et al (2016) Electroluminescence of giant stretchability. Adv Mater 28
(22):4480–4484
15. Sarwar MS et al (2017) Bend, stretch, and touch: locating a finger on an actively deformed
transparent sensor array. Sci Adv 3(3):e1602200
16. Kim CC et al (2016) Highly stretchable, transparent ionic touch panel. Science 353
(6300):682–687
17. Robinson SS et al (2015) Integrated soft sensors and elastomeric actuators for tactile machines
with kinesthetic sense. Extrem Mech Lett 5:47–53
18. Sun JY et al (2014) Ionic skin. Adv Mater 26(45):7608–7614
19. Li T et al (2017) Fast-moving soft electronic fish. Sci Adv 3(4):e1602045
20. Keplinger C et al (2013) Stretchable, transparent, ionic conductors. Science 341(6149):984–987
21. Karino T, Shibayama M, Ito K (2006) Slide-ring gel: topological gel with freely movable crosslinks. Phys B Condens Matter 385:692–696
22. Gong JP, Katsuyama Y, Kurokawa T, Osada Y (2003) Double-network hydrogels with
extremely high mechanical strength. Adv Mater 15(14):1155–1158
23. Sakai T et al (2008) Design and fabrication of a high-strength hydrogel with ideally
homogeneous network structure from tetrahedron-like macromonomers. Macromolecules
41(14):5379–5384
24. Okumura Y, Ito K (2001) The polyrotaxane gel: a topological gel by figure-of-eight cross-links.
Adv Mater 13(7):485–487
Tough and Self-Healing Hydrogels from Polyampholytes
315
designing long-term load-bearing soft materials.
References
1. Beebe DJ et al (2000) Functional hydrogel structures for autonomous flow control inside
microfluidic channels. Nature 404:588–590
2. Sidorenko A, Krupenkin T, Taylor A, Fratzl P, Aizenberg J (2007) Reversible switching of
hydrogel-actuated nanostructures into complex micropatterns. Science 315(5811):487–490
3. Richter A et al (2008) Review on hydrogel-based pH sensors and microsensors. Sensors
8(1):561–581
4. Gerlach G et al (2005) Chemical and pH sensors based on the swelling behavior of hydrogels.
Sens Actuators B 111(11):555–561
5. Zhang YZ et al (2018) MXenes stretch hydrogel sensor performance to new limits. Sci Adv
4(6):eaat0098
6. Osada Y, Okuzaki H, Hori H (1992) A polymer gel with electrically driven motility. Nature
355:242–244
7. Okuzaki H, Osada Y (1993) A chemomechanical polymer gel with electrically driven motility.
J Intell Mater Syst Struct 4(1):50–53
8. Li J, Mooney DJ (2016) Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. Nat Rev Mater
1:16071
9. Kamath KR, Park K (1993) Biodegradable hydrogels in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev
11:59–84
10. Peppas NA, Khare AR (1993) Preparation, structure and diffusional behavior of hydrogels in
controlled release. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 11:1–35
11. Tanaka Y, Fukao K, Miyamoto Y (2000) Fracture energy of gels. Eur Phys J E 3(4):395–401
12. Naficy S et al (2011) Progress toward robust polymer hydrogels. Aust J Chem 64(8):1007–1025
13. Baumberger T, Caroli C, Martina D (2006) Solvent control of crack dynamics in a reversible
hydrogel. Nat Mater 5:552–555
14. Yang CH et al (2016) Electroluminescence of giant stretchability. Adv Mater 28
(22):4480–4484
15. Sarwar MS et al (2017) Bend, stretch, and touch: locating a finger on an actively deformed
transparent sensor array. Sci Adv 3(3):e1602200
16. Kim CC et al (2016) Highly stretchable, transparent ionic touch panel. Science 353
(6300):682–687
17. Robinson SS et al (2015) Integrated soft sensors and elastomeric actuators for tactile machines
with kinesthetic sense. Extrem Mech Lett 5:47–53
18. Sun JY et al (2014) Ionic skin. Adv Mater 26(45):7608–7614
19. Li T et al (2017) Fast-moving soft electronic fish. Sci Adv 3(4):e1602045
20. Keplinger C et al (2013) Stretchable, transparent, ionic conductors. Science 341(6149):984–987
21. Karino T, Shibayama M, Ito K (2006) Slide-ring gel: topological gel with freely movable crosslinks. Phys B Condens Matter 385:692–696
22. Gong JP, Katsuyama Y, Kurokawa T, Osada Y (2003) Double-network hydrogels with
extremely high mechanical strength. Adv Mater 15(14):1155–1158
23. Sakai T et al (2008) Design and fabrication of a high-strength hydrogel with ideally
homogeneous network structure from tetrahedron-like macromonomers. Macromolecules
41(14):5379–5384
24. Okumura Y, Ito K (2001) The polyrotaxane gel: a topological gel by figure-of-eight cross-links.
Adv Mater 13(7):485–487
Tough and Self-Healing Hydrogels from Polyampholytes
315