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(40):8512–8515. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC10094H
46. Li Y, Sun Y, Xiao Y, Gao G, Liu S, Zhang J, Fu J (2016) Electric field actuation of tough
electroactive hydrogels cross-linked by functional triblock copolymer micelles. ACS Appl
Mater Interfaces 8(39):26326–26331. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08841
47. O’Grady ML, Kuo P-L, Parker KK (2009) Optimization of electroactive hydrogel actuators.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2(2):343–346
48. Osada Y, Okuzaki H, Hori H (1992) A polymer gel with electrically driven motility. Nature
355(6357):242–244
49. Shiga T, Kurauchi T (1990) Deformation of polyelectrolyte gels under the influence of electric
field. J Appl Polym Sci 39(11–12):2305–2320. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070391110
50. Yang C, Wang W, Yao C, Xie R, Ju X-J, Liu Z, Chu L-Y (2015) Hydrogel walkers with electrodriven motility for cargo transport. Sci Rep 5:13622. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13622. https://
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nanogels: emerging platforms for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 35
(18):4969–4985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.001
34. Jeon S-J, Hauser AW, Hayward RC (2017) Shape-morphing materials from stimuli-responsive
hydrogel hybrids. Acc Chem Res 50(2):161–169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.
6b00570
35. Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu W (2014) Dipole-dipole and H-bonding interactions significantly enhance
the multifaceted mechanical properties of thermoresponsive shape memory hydrogels. Adv
Funct Mater 25(3):471–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201401989
36. Zhu M, Xiong L, Wang T, Liu X, Wang C, Tong Z (2010) High tensibility and pH-responsive
swelling of nanocomposite hydrogels containing the positively chargeable 2-(dimethylamino)
ethyl methacrylate monomer. React Funct Polym 70(5):267–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
reactfunctpolym.2010.01.003
37. Rose JC, Gehlen DB, Haraszti T, Köhler J, Licht CJ, de Laporte L (2018) Biofunctionalized
aligned microgels provide 3D cell guidance to mimic complex tissue matrices. Biomaterials
163:128–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.001
38. Roy D, Brooks WL, Sumerlin BS (2013) New directions in thermoresponsive polymers. Chem
Soc Rev 42(17):7214–7243. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs35499g
39. Sakai T, Murayama H, Nagano S, Takeoka Y, Kidowaki M, Ito K, Seki T (2007)
Photoresponsive slide-ring gel. Adv Mater 19(15):2023–2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.
200700457
40. Wu ZL, Moshe M, Greener J, Therien-Aubin H, Nie Z, Sharon E, Kumacheva E (2013) Threedimensional shape transformations of hydrogel sheets induced by small-scale modulation of
internal stresses. Nat Commun 4:1586. http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v4/n3/
suppinfo/ncomms2549_S1.html
41. Yao C, Liu Z, Yang C, Wang W, Ju X-J, Xie R, Chu L-Y (2015) Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)clay nanocomposite hydrogels with responsive bending property as temperature-controlled
manipulators. Adv Funct Mater 25(20):2980–2991. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201500420
42. Kim YS, Liu M, Ishida Y, Ebina Y, Osada M, Sasaki T, Hikima T, Takata M, Aida T (2015)
Thermoresponsive actuation enabled by permittivity switching in an electrostatically anisotropic hydrogel. Nat Mater 14(10):1002–1007. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4363
43. Nakahata M, Takashima Y, Harada A (2014) Redox-responsive macroscopic gel assembly
based on discrete dual interactions. Angew Chem 53(14):3617–3621. https://doi.org/10.1002/
anie.201310295
44. Nakamura T, Takashima Y, Hashidzume A, Yamaguchi H, Harada A (2014) A metal-ionresponsive adhesive material via switching of molecular recognition properties. Nat Commun
5:4622. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5622
45. Sun Y, Liu S, Du G, Gao G, Fu J (2015) Multi-responsive and tough hydrogels based on
triblock copolymer micelles as multi-functional macro-crosslinkers. Chem Commun 51
(40):8512–8515. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC10094H
46. Li Y, Sun Y, Xiao Y, Gao G, Liu S, Zhang J, Fu J (2016) Electric field actuation of tough
electroactive hydrogels cross-linked by functional triblock copolymer micelles. ACS Appl
Mater Interfaces 8(39):26326–26331. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08841
47. O’Grady ML, Kuo P-L, Parker KK (2009) Optimization of electroactive hydrogel actuators.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2(2):343–346
48. Osada Y, Okuzaki H, Hori H (1992) A polymer gel with electrically driven motility. Nature
355(6357):242–244
49. Shiga T, Kurauchi T (1990) Deformation of polyelectrolyte gels under the influence of electric
field. J Appl Polym Sci 39(11–12):2305–2320. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070391110
50. Yang C, Wang W, Yao C, Xie R, Ju X-J, Liu Z, Chu L-Y (2015) Hydrogel walkers with electrodriven motility for cargo transport. Sci Rep 5:13622. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13622. https://
www.nature.com/articles/srep13622#supplementary-information
240
J. Fu