10 A Novel High-Efficiency Keyhole Tungsten Inert Gas …
365
7. An SNS method is introduced to denoise the collected arc sound signal and
extract the pure arc sound.
8. A welding penetration recognition model based on ECOC-SVM-GSCV is established. 18-dimension features including pitch, MFCC and kurtosis are extracted,
and the data dimension is reduced by PCA. After ten-fold cross-validation and
grid search optimization, a ECOC-SVM-GSCV model with an accuracy of
98.7% can be obtained.
9. The 10.8 mm thickness S32101 duplex stainless steel and 12 mm thickness
TC4 titanium alloys can be welded by K-TIG welding in a single pass without
opening a groove and filling metals.
10. In S32101 duplex stainless steel welded joint, the tensile strength of the WM is
higher than that of the BM. The elongation of the WM is smaller than that of
the BM. The impact toughness of the WM is lesser than that of the BM, but it
meets the mechanical property requirements of the weldment.
11. In TC4 titanium alloys K-TIG welded joint, the strength of the WM is 93.82%
of that of the BM. The HAGB proportion of the WM is higher than that of the
BM, and the impact toughness of the WM is superior to that of the BM.
References
1. Lathabai S, Jarvis B, Barton K (2001) Comparison of keyhole and conventional gas tungsten
arc welds in commercially pure titanium. Mater Sci Eng A 299(1–2):81–93
2. Goryachev AP, Zelenin VA (1964) Autom Weld 17(12):21–26
3. Liptak JA (1965) Gas tungsten arc welding heavy aluminium plate. Weld J 44(6):276s–281s
4. Nesterov A, Bulgachev E, Boitsev N (1987) Increasing the stability of the process of welding
structures of aluminium and magnesium alloys using an immersed arc. Weld Int 1(7):659–660
5. Yamauchi N, Taka T, Ohi M (1981) Development and application of high current TIG process
(SHOLTA) welding process. Sumitomo Search 25:87–100
6. Jarvis B (2020) Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding: a new process variant [Online]. Research
Online
7. Lancaster J (2014) The physics of welding. Elsevier Science, Kent
8. Andrews JG, Atthey DR (1976) Hydrodynamic limit to penetration of a material by a highpower beam. J Phys D Appl Phys 9:2181–2194
9. Matsunawa A, Kim J, Seto N, Mizutani M, Katayama S (1998) Dynamics of keyhole and
molten pool in laser welding. J Laser Appl 10(6):247–254
10. Norrish J (2006) Advanced welding processes. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge
11. Fan W, Ao S, Huang Y, Liu W, Li Y, Feng Y, Luo Z, Wu B (2017) Water cooling keyhole gas
tungsten arc welding of HSLA steel. Int J Adv Manufact Technol 92(5–8):2207–2216
12. Zhang B, Shi Y, Cui Y, Wang Z, Hong X (2020) Prediction of keyhole TIG weld penetration
based on high-dynamic range imaging. J Manufact Process Adv Line Publication. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.03.053
13. Fang Y, Liu Z, Cui S, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Luo Z (2017) Improving Q345 weld microstructure and
mechanical properties with high frequency current arc in keyhole mode TIG welding. J Mater
Process Technol 250:280–288
14. Fei Z, Pan Z, Cuiuri D, Li H, Wu B, Ding D, Su L, Gazder A (2018) Investigation into the
viability of K-TIG for joining armour grade quenched and tempered steel. J Manufact Process
32:482–493
365
7. An SNS method is introduced to denoise the collected arc sound signal and
extract the pure arc sound.
8. A welding penetration recognition model based on ECOC-SVM-GSCV is established. 18-dimension features including pitch, MFCC and kurtosis are extracted,
and the data dimension is reduced by PCA. After ten-fold cross-validation and
grid search optimization, a ECOC-SVM-GSCV model with an accuracy of
98.7% can be obtained.
9. The 10.8 mm thickness S32101 duplex stainless steel and 12 mm thickness
TC4 titanium alloys can be welded by K-TIG welding in a single pass without
opening a groove and filling metals.
10. In S32101 duplex stainless steel welded joint, the tensile strength of the WM is
higher than that of the BM. The elongation of the WM is smaller than that of
the BM. The impact toughness of the WM is lesser than that of the BM, but it
meets the mechanical property requirements of the weldment.
11. In TC4 titanium alloys K-TIG welded joint, the strength of the WM is 93.82%
of that of the BM. The HAGB proportion of the WM is higher than that of the
BM, and the impact toughness of the WM is superior to that of the BM.
References
1. Lathabai S, Jarvis B, Barton K (2001) Comparison of keyhole and conventional gas tungsten
arc welds in commercially pure titanium. Mater Sci Eng A 299(1–2):81–93
2. Goryachev AP, Zelenin VA (1964) Autom Weld 17(12):21–26
3. Liptak JA (1965) Gas tungsten arc welding heavy aluminium plate. Weld J 44(6):276s–281s
4. Nesterov A, Bulgachev E, Boitsev N (1987) Increasing the stability of the process of welding
structures of aluminium and magnesium alloys using an immersed arc. Weld Int 1(7):659–660
5. Yamauchi N, Taka T, Ohi M (1981) Development and application of high current TIG process
(SHOLTA) welding process. Sumitomo Search 25:87–100
6. Jarvis B (2020) Keyhole gas tungsten arc welding: a new process variant [Online]. Research
Online
7. Lancaster J (2014) The physics of welding. Elsevier Science, Kent
8. Andrews JG, Atthey DR (1976) Hydrodynamic limit to penetration of a material by a highpower beam. J Phys D Appl Phys 9:2181–2194
9. Matsunawa A, Kim J, Seto N, Mizutani M, Katayama S (1998) Dynamics of keyhole and
molten pool in laser welding. J Laser Appl 10(6):247–254
10. Norrish J (2006) Advanced welding processes. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge
11. Fan W, Ao S, Huang Y, Liu W, Li Y, Feng Y, Luo Z, Wu B (2017) Water cooling keyhole gas
tungsten arc welding of HSLA steel. Int J Adv Manufact Technol 92(5–8):2207–2216
12. Zhang B, Shi Y, Cui Y, Wang Z, Hong X (2020) Prediction of keyhole TIG weld penetration
based on high-dynamic range imaging. J Manufact Process Adv Line Publication. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.03.053
13. Fang Y, Liu Z, Cui S, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Luo Z (2017) Improving Q345 weld microstructure and
mechanical properties with high frequency current arc in keyhole mode TIG welding. J Mater
Process Technol 250:280–288
14. Fei Z, Pan Z, Cuiuri D, Li H, Wu B, Ding D, Su L, Gazder A (2018) Investigation into the
viability of K-TIG for joining armour grade quenched and tempered steel. J Manufact Process
32:482–493