9 Comparative Study of Laser Weldability of Titanium Alloys
311
to achieve welds with full penetration in the Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr alloy than in the Ti 6 Al 4 V
and CpTi alloys.
The welded samples show an acceptable colour appearance according the current
regulations, not presenting any of the welds geometric defects. The metallographic
analysis carried out have allowed us to identify the different micro-constituents of the
welds. The analysis of the microhardness profiles indicates that the three welding
zones (FZ, HAZ and BM) have similar microhardness values in the Ti 6 Al 4 V and
CpTi samples. However, in Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr samples, the microhardness values at
FZ are slightly lower than those measured at base metal. This is related to the loss of
the precipitation hardening mechanism present at the Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr base metal.
Finally, the tensile strength of the different welded samples has been evaluated.
In the welds of CpTi and Ti 6 Al 4 V, the specimens do not break at the welded area,
presenting UTS and YS values similar to the base metal. On the other hand, the
Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr specimens break at the weld, the load values being lower than those
obtained in the base metal.
All these results have allowed us to state an order of laser weldability in conduction
mode, according to which the Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr alloy would have a worse weldability
than the CpTi and Ti 6 Al 4 V alloys.
Acknowledgements Authors would like to thank to Prof. J. Botana for providing the facilities and equipments to perform the experimental tests, and also to T. Pasang for providing the
Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr alloy samples.
References
1. Ahmed T, Rack HJ (1998) Phase transformations during cooling in α + β titanium alloys.
Mater Sci Eng A 243(1–2):206–211
2. Lütjering JC, Williams G (2007) Titanium, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
3. Destefani JD (1992) Introduction to titanium and titanium alloys. In: Properties and selection:
nonferrous alloys and special purpose materials, vol 2. ASM International, Materials Park, OH
4. Richter K, Behr W, Reisgen U (2007) Low heat welding of titanium materials with a pulsed
Nd:YAG laser. Mater Wiss Werkst 38(1):51–56
5. Sánchez-Amaya JM, Amaya-Vazquez MR, Botana FJ (2013) In: Katayama S (ed) Handbook
of laser welding technologies, Chapter 8: laser welding of light metal alloys: aluminium and
titanium alloys. Amazon, UK, pp 215–254
6. Auwal ST, Ramesh S, Yusof F, Manladan SM (2018) A review on laser beam welding of
titanium alloys. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97:1071–1097
7. Churiaque C, Amaya-Vazquez MR, Botana FJ, Sánchez-Amaya JM (2016) FEM simulation
and experimental validation of LBW under conduction regime of Ti 6 Al 4 V alloy. J Mater Eng
Perform 25(8)
8. Sánchez-Amaya JM, Amaya-Vázquez MR, González-Rovira L, Botana-Galvin M, Botana FJ
(2014) Influence of surface pre-treatments on laser welding of Ti 6 Al 4 V alloy. J Mater Eng
Perform. 23(5):1568–1575
9. Sánchez-Amaya JM, Pasang T, Amaya-Vazquez MR, Lopez-Castro J, Churiaque C, Tao Y,
Botana FJ (2017) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti5553 butt welds performed
by LBW under conduction regime. Metals (Basel) 7(7):269
311
to achieve welds with full penetration in the Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr alloy than in the Ti 6 Al 4 V
and CpTi alloys.
The welded samples show an acceptable colour appearance according the current
regulations, not presenting any of the welds geometric defects. The metallographic
analysis carried out have allowed us to identify the different micro-constituents of the
welds. The analysis of the microhardness profiles indicates that the three welding
zones (FZ, HAZ and BM) have similar microhardness values in the Ti 6 Al 4 V and
CpTi samples. However, in Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr samples, the microhardness values at
FZ are slightly lower than those measured at base metal. This is related to the loss of
the precipitation hardening mechanism present at the Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr base metal.
Finally, the tensile strength of the different welded samples has been evaluated.
In the welds of CpTi and Ti 6 Al 4 V, the specimens do not break at the welded area,
presenting UTS and YS values similar to the base metal. On the other hand, the
Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr specimens break at the weld, the load values being lower than those
obtained in the base metal.
All these results have allowed us to state an order of laser weldability in conduction
mode, according to which the Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr alloy would have a worse weldability
than the CpTi and Ti 6 Al 4 V alloys.
Acknowledgements Authors would like to thank to Prof. J. Botana for providing the facilities and equipments to perform the experimental tests, and also to T. Pasang for providing the
Ti 5 Al 5 V 5 Mo 3 Cr alloy samples.
References
1. Ahmed T, Rack HJ (1998) Phase transformations during cooling in α + β titanium alloys.
Mater Sci Eng A 243(1–2):206–211
2. Lütjering JC, Williams G (2007) Titanium, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
3. Destefani JD (1992) Introduction to titanium and titanium alloys. In: Properties and selection:
nonferrous alloys and special purpose materials, vol 2. ASM International, Materials Park, OH
4. Richter K, Behr W, Reisgen U (2007) Low heat welding of titanium materials with a pulsed
Nd:YAG laser. Mater Wiss Werkst 38(1):51–56
5. Sánchez-Amaya JM, Amaya-Vazquez MR, Botana FJ (2013) In: Katayama S (ed) Handbook
of laser welding technologies, Chapter 8: laser welding of light metal alloys: aluminium and
titanium alloys. Amazon, UK, pp 215–254
6. Auwal ST, Ramesh S, Yusof F, Manladan SM (2018) A review on laser beam welding of
titanium alloys. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97:1071–1097
7. Churiaque C, Amaya-Vazquez MR, Botana FJ, Sánchez-Amaya JM (2016) FEM simulation
and experimental validation of LBW under conduction regime of Ti 6 Al 4 V alloy. J Mater Eng
Perform 25(8)
8. Sánchez-Amaya JM, Amaya-Vázquez MR, González-Rovira L, Botana-Galvin M, Botana FJ
(2014) Influence of surface pre-treatments on laser welding of Ti 6 Al 4 V alloy. J Mater Eng
Perform. 23(5):1568–1575
9. Sánchez-Amaya JM, Pasang T, Amaya-Vazquez MR, Lopez-Castro J, Churiaque C, Tao Y,
Botana FJ (2017) Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti5553 butt welds performed
by LBW under conduction regime. Metals (Basel) 7(7):269