81. Y. Fukai, N. Okuma, Formation of superabundant vacancies in Pd hydride under high
hydrogen pressures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1640–1643 (1994)
82. Y. Fukai, Formation of superabundant vacancies in M–H alloys and some of its consequences:
a review. J. Alloys Compd. 356–357, 263–269 (2003)
83. D.F. Johnson, E.A. Carter, Hydrogen in tungsten: Absorption, diffusion, vacancy trapping,
and decohesion. J. Mater. Res. 25, 315–327 (2010)
84. J. Guterl, R.D. Smirnov, S.I. Krasheninnikov, M. Zibrov, A.A. Pisarev, Theoretical analysis of
deuterium retention in tungsten plasma-facing components induced by various traps via
thermal desorption spectroscopy. Nucl. Fusion 55, 093017 (2015)
85. E.A. Hodille, Y. Ferro, N. Fernandez, C.S. Becquart, T. Angot, J.M. Layet, R. Bisson,
C. Grisolia, Study of hydrogen isotopes behavior in tungsten by a multi trapping macroscopic
rate equation model. Phys. Scr. T167, 014011 (2016)
86. W. Cai, W.D. Nix, Imperfections in Crystalline Solids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016)
87. D. Terentyev, V. Dubinko, A. Bakaev, Y. Zayachuk, W. Van Renterghem, P. Grigorev,
Dislocations mediate hydrogen retention in tungsten. Nucl. Fusion 54, 042004 (2014)
88. V.I. Dubinko, P. Grigorev, A. Bakaev, D. Terentyev, G. van Oost, F. Gao, D. Van Neck,
E.E. Zhurkin, Dislocation mechanism of deuterium retention in tungsten under plasma
implantation. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26, 395001 (2014)
89. R.D. Smirnov, S.I. Krasheninnikov, Stress-induced hydrogen self-trapping in tungsten. Nucl.
Fusion 58, 126016 (2018)
90. N. Enomoto, S. Muto, T. Tanabe, Grazing-incidence electron microscopy of surface blisters in
single- and polycrystalline tungsten formed by H
+ , D
+ and He
+ irradiation. J. Nucl. Mater. 385,
606–614 (2009)
91. M. Shimada, G. Cao, Y. Hatano, T. Oda, Y. Oya, M. Hara, P. Calderoni, The deuterium depth
profile in neutron-irradiated tungsten exposed to plasma. Phys. Scr. T145, 014051 (2011)
92. M. Shimada, Y. Hatano, Y. Oya, T. Oda, M. Hara, G. Cao, M. Kobayashi, M. Sokolov,
H. Watanabe, B. Tyburska-Püschel, Y. Ueda, P. Calderoni, K. Okuno, Overview of the US–
Japan collaborative investigation on hydrogen isotope retention in neutron-irradiated and
ion-damaged tungsten. Fusion Eng. Des. 87, 1166 (2012)
93. I.I. Arkhipov, S.L. Kanashenko, V.M. Sharapov, R.K. Zalavutdinov, A.E. Gorodetsky, Deuterium trapping in ion-damaged tungsten single crystal. J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365, 1168–1172
(2007)
94. B. Tyburska, V.K. Alimov, O.V. Ogorodnikova, K. Schmid, K. Ertl, Deuterium retention in
self-damaged tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 395, 150–155 (2009)
95. M.J. Simmonds, Y.Q. Wang, J.L. Barton, M.J. Baldwin, J.H. Yu, R.P. Doerner, G.R. Tynan,
Reduced deuterium retention in simultaneously damaged and annealed tungsten. J. Nucl.
Mater. 494, 67–71 (2017)
96. M. Miyamoto, D. Nishijima, Y. Ueda, R.P. Doerner, H. Kurishita, M.J. Baldwin, S. Morito,
K. Ono, J. Hanna, Observations of suppressed retention and blistering for tungsten exposed to
deuterium–helium mixture plasmas. Nucl. Fusion 49, 065035 (2009)
97. V.K. Alimov, W.M. Shu, J. Roth, K. Sugiyama, S. Lindig, M. Balden, K. Isobe, T. Yamanishi,
Surface morphology and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux
pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas. Phys. Scr. T138, 014048 (2009)
98. O.V. Ogorodnikova, T. Schwarz-Selinger, K. Sugiyama, V.K. Alimov, Deuterium retention in
tungsten exposed to low-energy pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas. J. Appl. Phys.
109, 013309 (2011)
99. M.J. Baldwin, R.P. Doerner, W.R. Wampler, D. Nishijima, T. Lynch, M. Miyamoto, Effect of
He on D retention in W exposed to low-energy, high-fluence (D, He, Ar) mixture plasmas.
Nucl. Fusion 51, 103021 (2011)
100. N. Juslin, B.D. Wirth, Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of sub-surface helium
bubbles on hydrogen retention in tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 438, S1221–S1223 (2013)
70
3 Plasma-Material Interactions in Magnetic Fusion Devices
hydrogen pressures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1640–1643 (1994)
82. Y. Fukai, Formation of superabundant vacancies in M–H alloys and some of its consequences:
a review. J. Alloys Compd. 356–357, 263–269 (2003)
83. D.F. Johnson, E.A. Carter, Hydrogen in tungsten: Absorption, diffusion, vacancy trapping,
and decohesion. J. Mater. Res. 25, 315–327 (2010)
84. J. Guterl, R.D. Smirnov, S.I. Krasheninnikov, M. Zibrov, A.A. Pisarev, Theoretical analysis of
deuterium retention in tungsten plasma-facing components induced by various traps via
thermal desorption spectroscopy. Nucl. Fusion 55, 093017 (2015)
85. E.A. Hodille, Y. Ferro, N. Fernandez, C.S. Becquart, T. Angot, J.M. Layet, R. Bisson,
C. Grisolia, Study of hydrogen isotopes behavior in tungsten by a multi trapping macroscopic
rate equation model. Phys. Scr. T167, 014011 (2016)
86. W. Cai, W.D. Nix, Imperfections in Crystalline Solids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016)
87. D. Terentyev, V. Dubinko, A. Bakaev, Y. Zayachuk, W. Van Renterghem, P. Grigorev,
Dislocations mediate hydrogen retention in tungsten. Nucl. Fusion 54, 042004 (2014)
88. V.I. Dubinko, P. Grigorev, A. Bakaev, D. Terentyev, G. van Oost, F. Gao, D. Van Neck,
E.E. Zhurkin, Dislocation mechanism of deuterium retention in tungsten under plasma
implantation. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26, 395001 (2014)
89. R.D. Smirnov, S.I. Krasheninnikov, Stress-induced hydrogen self-trapping in tungsten. Nucl.
Fusion 58, 126016 (2018)
90. N. Enomoto, S. Muto, T. Tanabe, Grazing-incidence electron microscopy of surface blisters in
single- and polycrystalline tungsten formed by H
+ , D
+ and He
+ irradiation. J. Nucl. Mater. 385,
606–614 (2009)
91. M. Shimada, G. Cao, Y. Hatano, T. Oda, Y. Oya, M. Hara, P. Calderoni, The deuterium depth
profile in neutron-irradiated tungsten exposed to plasma. Phys. Scr. T145, 014051 (2011)
92. M. Shimada, Y. Hatano, Y. Oya, T. Oda, M. Hara, G. Cao, M. Kobayashi, M. Sokolov,
H. Watanabe, B. Tyburska-Püschel, Y. Ueda, P. Calderoni, K. Okuno, Overview of the US–
Japan collaborative investigation on hydrogen isotope retention in neutron-irradiated and
ion-damaged tungsten. Fusion Eng. Des. 87, 1166 (2012)
93. I.I. Arkhipov, S.L. Kanashenko, V.M. Sharapov, R.K. Zalavutdinov, A.E. Gorodetsky, Deuterium trapping in ion-damaged tungsten single crystal. J. Nucl. Mater. 363–365, 1168–1172
(2007)
94. B. Tyburska, V.K. Alimov, O.V. Ogorodnikova, K. Schmid, K. Ertl, Deuterium retention in
self-damaged tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 395, 150–155 (2009)
95. M.J. Simmonds, Y.Q. Wang, J.L. Barton, M.J. Baldwin, J.H. Yu, R.P. Doerner, G.R. Tynan,
Reduced deuterium retention in simultaneously damaged and annealed tungsten. J. Nucl.
Mater. 494, 67–71 (2017)
96. M. Miyamoto, D. Nishijima, Y. Ueda, R.P. Doerner, H. Kurishita, M.J. Baldwin, S. Morito,
K. Ono, J. Hanna, Observations of suppressed retention and blistering for tungsten exposed to
deuterium–helium mixture plasmas. Nucl. Fusion 49, 065035 (2009)
97. V.K. Alimov, W.M. Shu, J. Roth, K. Sugiyama, S. Lindig, M. Balden, K. Isobe, T. Yamanishi,
Surface morphology and deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high flux
pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas. Phys. Scr. T138, 014048 (2009)
98. O.V. Ogorodnikova, T. Schwarz-Selinger, K. Sugiyama, V.K. Alimov, Deuterium retention in
tungsten exposed to low-energy pure and helium-seeded deuterium plasmas. J. Appl. Phys.
109, 013309 (2011)
99. M.J. Baldwin, R.P. Doerner, W.R. Wampler, D. Nishijima, T. Lynch, M. Miyamoto, Effect of
He on D retention in W exposed to low-energy, high-fluence (D, He, Ar) mixture plasmas.
Nucl. Fusion 51, 103021 (2011)
100. N. Juslin, B.D. Wirth, Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of sub-surface helium
bubbles on hydrogen retention in tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 438, S1221–S1223 (2013)
70
3 Plasma-Material Interactions in Magnetic Fusion Devices