References
121
20. Tong Y, Rosynek MP, Lunsford JH (1989) Secondary reactions of methyl radicals with
lanthanide oxides: their role in the selective oxidation of methane. J Phys Chem 93:2896–2898
21. Xu M, Lunsford JH (1991) Effect of temperature on methyl radical generation over Sr/La 2 O 3
catalysts. Catal Lett 11:295–300
22. Tong Y, Lunsford JH (1990) Gas-phase coupling of methyl radicals during the partial oxidation
of methane over transition metal oxide catalysts. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 11:792–793
23. Zhang HS, Wang JX, Driscoll DJ, Lunsford JH (1988) Activation and oxidative dimerization
of methane over lithium-promoted zinc oxide. J Catal 112:366–374
24. Lin CH, Campbell KD, Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1986) Oxidative dimerization of methane
over lanthanum oxide. J Phys Chem 90:534–537
25. Campbell D, Zhang H, Lunsford JH (1988) Methane activation by the lanthanide oxides. J
Phys Chem 92:750–753
26. Campbell KD, Morales E, Lunsford JH (1987) Gas-phase coupling of methyl radical during
the catalytic partial oxidation of methane. J Am Chem Soc 109:7900–7901
27. Ito T, Wang JX, Lin CH, Lunsford JH (1985) Oxidative dimerization of methane over lithiumpromoted magnesium oxide catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 107:5062–5068
28. Chen Y, Tohver HT, Narayan J, Abraham MM (1977) High-temperature and ionizationinduced effect in lithium-doped MgO single crystals. Phys Rev B 16:5535–5542
29. Olson DN, Orera VM, Chen Y, Abraham MM (1980) Thermally generated [Li] 0 center in
CaO. Phys Rev B 21:1258–1263
30. Schirmer OF (1971) Trapped-hole center containing lithium in MgO, CaO and SrO. J Phys
Chem Solid 32:499–509
31. Lin TH, Ito T, Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1987) Oxidative dimerization of methane over magnesium and calcium oxide catalysts promoted with Group IA ions: the role of M + O – centers.
J Am Chem Soc 109:4808–4810
32. Lin TH, Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1988) Oxidative dimerization of methane over sodiumpromoted calcium oxide. J Catal 111:302–316
33. Otsuka K, Said AA, Jinno K, Komatsu T (1987) Peroxide anions as possible active species
in oxidative coupling of methane. Chem Lett 16:77–80
34. Otsuka K, Murakami Y, Wada Y, Said AA, Morikawa A (1990) Oxidative coupling of methane,
ethane, and propane with sodium peroxide at low temperatures. J Catal 121:122–130
35. Sinev MY, Korchak VN, Krylov OV (1986) Highly selective formation of ethane in the
reduction barium peroxide by methane. Kinet Katal 27:1274
36. Otsuka K, Jinno K (1986) Kinetic studies on partial oxidation of methane over samarium
oxides. Inorg Chim Acta 121:237–241
37. Kharas KCC, Lunsford JH (1989) Catalytic partial oxidation of methane over barium metaplumbate BaPBO 3 : possible involvement of peroxide ion. J Am Chem Soc 111:2336–2337
38. Lunsford JH, Yang X, Haller K, Laane MJG, Knözinger H (1993) In situ Raman spectroscopy
of peroxide ions on barium/magnesium oxide catalysts. J Phys Chem 97:13810–13813
39. Dissanayake D, Lunsford JH, Rosynek MP (1993) Oxidative coupling of methane over oxidesupported barium catalysts. J Catal 143:286–298
40. Mestl G, Knözinger H, Lunsford JH (1993) High temperature in situ Raman spectroscopy of
working oxidative coupling of catalysts. Ber Bunsen-Ges Phys Chem 97:319–321
41. Au CT, He H, Lai SY, Ng CF (1996) The oxidative coupling of methane over BaCO 3 /LaOBrcatalysts of high ethylene yields. J Catal 163:399–408
42. Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1986) Evidence for the thermal generation of superoxide ions on
La 2 O 3 . J Phys Chem 90:3890–3891
43. Louis C, Chang TL, Kermarec M, Van TL, Tatibouët J, Che M (1992) EPR study of the
stability and the role of the O 2
– species on La 2 O 3 in the oxidative coupling of methane. Catal
Today 13:283–289
44. Yang T, Feng L, Shen S (1994) Oxygen species on the surface of La 2 O 3 /CaO and its role in
the oxidative coupling of methane. J Catal 145:384–389
45. Iwamoto M, Lunsford JH (1980) Surface reactions of oxygen ions. 5. Oxidation of alkanes
and alkenes by O 2
– on magnesium oxide. J Phys Chem 84:3079–3084
121
20. Tong Y, Rosynek MP, Lunsford JH (1989) Secondary reactions of methyl radicals with
lanthanide oxides: their role in the selective oxidation of methane. J Phys Chem 93:2896–2898
21. Xu M, Lunsford JH (1991) Effect of temperature on methyl radical generation over Sr/La 2 O 3
catalysts. Catal Lett 11:295–300
22. Tong Y, Lunsford JH (1990) Gas-phase coupling of methyl radicals during the partial oxidation
of methane over transition metal oxide catalysts. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 11:792–793
23. Zhang HS, Wang JX, Driscoll DJ, Lunsford JH (1988) Activation and oxidative dimerization
of methane over lithium-promoted zinc oxide. J Catal 112:366–374
24. Lin CH, Campbell KD, Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1986) Oxidative dimerization of methane
over lanthanum oxide. J Phys Chem 90:534–537
25. Campbell D, Zhang H, Lunsford JH (1988) Methane activation by the lanthanide oxides. J
Phys Chem 92:750–753
26. Campbell KD, Morales E, Lunsford JH (1987) Gas-phase coupling of methyl radical during
the catalytic partial oxidation of methane. J Am Chem Soc 109:7900–7901
27. Ito T, Wang JX, Lin CH, Lunsford JH (1985) Oxidative dimerization of methane over lithiumpromoted magnesium oxide catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 107:5062–5068
28. Chen Y, Tohver HT, Narayan J, Abraham MM (1977) High-temperature and ionizationinduced effect in lithium-doped MgO single crystals. Phys Rev B 16:5535–5542
29. Olson DN, Orera VM, Chen Y, Abraham MM (1980) Thermally generated [Li] 0 center in
CaO. Phys Rev B 21:1258–1263
30. Schirmer OF (1971) Trapped-hole center containing lithium in MgO, CaO and SrO. J Phys
Chem Solid 32:499–509
31. Lin TH, Ito T, Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1987) Oxidative dimerization of methane over magnesium and calcium oxide catalysts promoted with Group IA ions: the role of M + O – centers.
J Am Chem Soc 109:4808–4810
32. Lin TH, Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1988) Oxidative dimerization of methane over sodiumpromoted calcium oxide. J Catal 111:302–316
33. Otsuka K, Said AA, Jinno K, Komatsu T (1987) Peroxide anions as possible active species
in oxidative coupling of methane. Chem Lett 16:77–80
34. Otsuka K, Murakami Y, Wada Y, Said AA, Morikawa A (1990) Oxidative coupling of methane,
ethane, and propane with sodium peroxide at low temperatures. J Catal 121:122–130
35. Sinev MY, Korchak VN, Krylov OV (1986) Highly selective formation of ethane in the
reduction barium peroxide by methane. Kinet Katal 27:1274
36. Otsuka K, Jinno K (1986) Kinetic studies on partial oxidation of methane over samarium
oxides. Inorg Chim Acta 121:237–241
37. Kharas KCC, Lunsford JH (1989) Catalytic partial oxidation of methane over barium metaplumbate BaPBO 3 : possible involvement of peroxide ion. J Am Chem Soc 111:2336–2337
38. Lunsford JH, Yang X, Haller K, Laane MJG, Knözinger H (1993) In situ Raman spectroscopy
of peroxide ions on barium/magnesium oxide catalysts. J Phys Chem 97:13810–13813
39. Dissanayake D, Lunsford JH, Rosynek MP (1993) Oxidative coupling of methane over oxidesupported barium catalysts. J Catal 143:286–298
40. Mestl G, Knözinger H, Lunsford JH (1993) High temperature in situ Raman spectroscopy of
working oxidative coupling of catalysts. Ber Bunsen-Ges Phys Chem 97:319–321
41. Au CT, He H, Lai SY, Ng CF (1996) The oxidative coupling of methane over BaCO 3 /LaOBrcatalysts of high ethylene yields. J Catal 163:399–408
42. Wang JX, Lunsford JH (1986) Evidence for the thermal generation of superoxide ions on
La 2 O 3 . J Phys Chem 90:3890–3891
43. Louis C, Chang TL, Kermarec M, Van TL, Tatibouët J, Che M (1992) EPR study of the
stability and the role of the O 2
– species on La 2 O 3 in the oxidative coupling of methane. Catal
Today 13:283–289
44. Yang T, Feng L, Shen S (1994) Oxygen species on the surface of La 2 O 3 /CaO and its role in
the oxidative coupling of methane. J Catal 145:384–389
45. Iwamoto M, Lunsford JH (1980) Surface reactions of oxygen ions. 5. Oxidation of alkanes
and alkenes by O 2
– on magnesium oxide. J Phys Chem 84:3079–3084