Indonesia 205
due to its high potential feedstock for bioenergy production, which could
support up to 30% of its current power plant capacity (Government of Indonesia, 2017; Kementerian ESDM, 2017). Furthermore, several biogas programmes
have operated in Bali, especially at the small- scale level. These programmes
were implemented by the Bali Provincial Agricultural Agency (i.e. SIMANTRI
programme), the Agency of Public Works, the West Bali National Park, and an
NGO called Yayasan Rumah Energi (YRE, i.e. the BIRU programme). All programmes installed individual biogas digesters except SIMANTRI, which carried
out communal installations. Also, the government’s programmes went for fully
subsidised operations while the BIRU programme used a market- based approach
with partial subsidies (Devisscher et al., 2017). The guarantee period of
SIMANTRI and Public Works programmes was set to three months, while
BIRU’s was up to three years including maintenance services. However, no clear
guarantee scheme existed in the West Bali National Park pilot project. Furthermore, the SIMANTRI programme targeted economic development for the
farmers’ livelihood, in which biogas was a supporting system of the whole
project; and the Public Work’s programme aimed to support the national policy
mandate of renewable energy deployment. Both the others aimed at addressing
environmental issues including carbon emissions, with the BIRU programme
also focused on energy access and West Bali National Park on reducing forest
degradation.
The two selected pathways in this chapter explore options for a lowinvestment/short- term scenario and a high- investment/long- term scenario. The
first is an easily implementable, low- cost household- scale biogas digester system
supplying household energy needs. This pathway also foresees the transfer of
these systems and the know- how to other geographical areas. The second
pathway focuses on large- scale biogas systems that produce electricity, require
higher investment, and generate high benefits in the long run. The first pathway
uses experiences by farmers (biogas adopters) in Bali, while the second one was
developed in discussions with policymaker experts from Bappenas (Ministry of
National Development Planning), PLN (Electricity Company), and ESDM
(Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources).
Household biogas transition pathway
The household biogas transition pathway is concerned with meeting domestic
energy needs for cooking and lighting, which also intersects with issues of health
in rural areas, community social structure, as well as smallholder productivity.
These issues are important for understanding the pathway.
Nearly one- third of Indonesia’s working population consists of farmers in
rural areas (BPS, 2017) where solid fuels are mostly used for cooking and are
often associated with health problems (Gall et al., 2013). Indoor pollution in
the home from solid fuels utilisation contributes to respiratory infections and
diseases. Biogas for household cooking and lighting is clean and safe while also
fitting the profile of the rural areas. It can also provide fuel for cooking, give the
due to its high potential feedstock for bioenergy production, which could
support up to 30% of its current power plant capacity (Government of Indonesia, 2017; Kementerian ESDM, 2017). Furthermore, several biogas programmes
have operated in Bali, especially at the small- scale level. These programmes
were implemented by the Bali Provincial Agricultural Agency (i.e. SIMANTRI
programme), the Agency of Public Works, the West Bali National Park, and an
NGO called Yayasan Rumah Energi (YRE, i.e. the BIRU programme). All programmes installed individual biogas digesters except SIMANTRI, which carried
out communal installations. Also, the government’s programmes went for fully
subsidised operations while the BIRU programme used a market- based approach
with partial subsidies (Devisscher et al., 2017). The guarantee period of
SIMANTRI and Public Works programmes was set to three months, while
BIRU’s was up to three years including maintenance services. However, no clear
guarantee scheme existed in the West Bali National Park pilot project. Furthermore, the SIMANTRI programme targeted economic development for the
farmers’ livelihood, in which biogas was a supporting system of the whole
project; and the Public Work’s programme aimed to support the national policy
mandate of renewable energy deployment. Both the others aimed at addressing
environmental issues including carbon emissions, with the BIRU programme
also focused on energy access and West Bali National Park on reducing forest
degradation.
The two selected pathways in this chapter explore options for a lowinvestment/short- term scenario and a high- investment/long- term scenario. The
first is an easily implementable, low- cost household- scale biogas digester system
supplying household energy needs. This pathway also foresees the transfer of
these systems and the know- how to other geographical areas. The second
pathway focuses on large- scale biogas systems that produce electricity, require
higher investment, and generate high benefits in the long run. The first pathway
uses experiences by farmers (biogas adopters) in Bali, while the second one was
developed in discussions with policymaker experts from Bappenas (Ministry of
National Development Planning), PLN (Electricity Company), and ESDM
(Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources).
Household biogas transition pathway
The household biogas transition pathway is concerned with meeting domestic
energy needs for cooking and lighting, which also intersects with issues of health
in rural areas, community social structure, as well as smallholder productivity.
These issues are important for understanding the pathway.
Nearly one- third of Indonesia’s working population consists of farmers in
rural areas (BPS, 2017) where solid fuels are mostly used for cooking and are
often associated with health problems (Gall et al., 2013). Indoor pollution in
the home from solid fuels utilisation contributes to respiratory infections and
diseases. Biogas for household cooking and lighting is clean and safe while also
fitting the profile of the rural areas. It can also provide fuel for cooking, give the