46
J. Chen et al.
Bio-liquid fuel
Biodiesel can completely replace petrochemical diesel, in the United States, Europe
and other countries have been approved as alternative fuel. At present, because of
its high cost, the United States uses B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% petrochemical
diesel) mixture to market, in order to reduce the consumption burden of users. Even
so, B20 has been shown to improve air quality satisfactorily. The United States has
been listed in the biodiesel additives, adding 1% of the additives in the petrochemical
diesel oil, can improve the lubricity of sulfur content of petrochemical diesel oil, for
environmental protection, but also do not lose an economic and feasible method.
In terms of biodiesel, edible vegetable oils such as soybean (USA) and rapeseed
(Germany, Italy, France, etc.) are usually used to produce biodiesel in foreign countries. The cost is as high as 34–59 cents/kg. In order to reduce costs, some countries
have started to use waste cooking oil and special woody oil plants to produce diesel,
with the production cost reducing to about 20 cents/kg and 40 cents/kg, respectively.
At present, biodiesel has been widely used in the EU and has entered the stage of
steady commercial development. In 2005 the EU produced more than 3 m tonnes
of biodiesel, more than half of which was produced in Germany. Germany now has
23 bio-oil production plants and 1,800 gas stations and has set industrial standards
(EDIN51606).
The United States was the first country to study biodiesel. At present, the United
States has a number of biodiesel production plants and suppliers; the production of
raw materials are mainly soybean oil; the annual production of biodiesel is more
than 300,000 tons, and the biodiesel tax rate is zero. The United States actively
explores other ways to produce biodiesel while producing soybean biodiesel, and the
national laboratory of renewable resources in the United States makes “engineered
microalgae” through modern biotechnology. Laboratory conditions can make the
lipid content of 40–60% and is expected to produce per acre “engineering microalgae”
from 6400 to 16000 of biodiesel, for biodiesel production has opened up a new way.
Before April 2005, including the preparation of the factory, a total of 60 biodiesel
production plants in the United States, and plans to, biodiesel production 1.15 million
tons in 2011, 3.3 million tonnes in 2016.
Pure form of biodiesel, also known as net biodiesel, has been formally listed by the
US energy policy act as an alternative fuel for vehicles. Depending on the feedstock
and the producer, net US biodiesel prices are currently less than $0.515–$0.793 per
liter. The market price for a blend of 80% biodiesel is 7.93–1,057 cents a liter more
expensive than conventional diesel.
Finland is a country that has earlier carried out the basic research and industrial
production of the second generation biodiesel. Fortum OYJ, a Finnish energy company, proposed a method to prepare C 12 –C 14 alkanes by hydrodeoxidation of fatty
acids and hydrogenation (NExBTL Next Generation Biomass to Liquid process).
Petrobras has developed a process called h-bio, a blend of vegetable oil and petrodiesel that converts triglycerides into alkanes. At present, some countries and regions
in the United States, Europe and Asia have begun to establish commercial biodiesel
production bases and widely use biodiesel as alternative fuel.
J. Chen et al.
Bio-liquid fuel
Biodiesel can completely replace petrochemical diesel, in the United States, Europe
and other countries have been approved as alternative fuel. At present, because of
its high cost, the United States uses B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% petrochemical
diesel) mixture to market, in order to reduce the consumption burden of users. Even
so, B20 has been shown to improve air quality satisfactorily. The United States has
been listed in the biodiesel additives, adding 1% of the additives in the petrochemical
diesel oil, can improve the lubricity of sulfur content of petrochemical diesel oil, for
environmental protection, but also do not lose an economic and feasible method.
In terms of biodiesel, edible vegetable oils such as soybean (USA) and rapeseed
(Germany, Italy, France, etc.) are usually used to produce biodiesel in foreign countries. The cost is as high as 34–59 cents/kg. In order to reduce costs, some countries
have started to use waste cooking oil and special woody oil plants to produce diesel,
with the production cost reducing to about 20 cents/kg and 40 cents/kg, respectively.
At present, biodiesel has been widely used in the EU and has entered the stage of
steady commercial development. In 2005 the EU produced more than 3 m tonnes
of biodiesel, more than half of which was produced in Germany. Germany now has
23 bio-oil production plants and 1,800 gas stations and has set industrial standards
(EDIN51606).
The United States was the first country to study biodiesel. At present, the United
States has a number of biodiesel production plants and suppliers; the production of
raw materials are mainly soybean oil; the annual production of biodiesel is more
than 300,000 tons, and the biodiesel tax rate is zero. The United States actively
explores other ways to produce biodiesel while producing soybean biodiesel, and the
national laboratory of renewable resources in the United States makes “engineered
microalgae” through modern biotechnology. Laboratory conditions can make the
lipid content of 40–60% and is expected to produce per acre “engineering microalgae”
from 6400 to 16000 of biodiesel, for biodiesel production has opened up a new way.
Before April 2005, including the preparation of the factory, a total of 60 biodiesel
production plants in the United States, and plans to, biodiesel production 1.15 million
tons in 2011, 3.3 million tonnes in 2016.
Pure form of biodiesel, also known as net biodiesel, has been formally listed by the
US energy policy act as an alternative fuel for vehicles. Depending on the feedstock
and the producer, net US biodiesel prices are currently less than $0.515–$0.793 per
liter. The market price for a blend of 80% biodiesel is 7.93–1,057 cents a liter more
expensive than conventional diesel.
Finland is a country that has earlier carried out the basic research and industrial
production of the second generation biodiesel. Fortum OYJ, a Finnish energy company, proposed a method to prepare C 12 –C 14 alkanes by hydrodeoxidation of fatty
acids and hydrogenation (NExBTL Next Generation Biomass to Liquid process).
Petrobras has developed a process called h-bio, a blend of vegetable oil and petrodiesel that converts triglycerides into alkanes. At present, some countries and regions
in the United States, Europe and Asia have begun to establish commercial biodiesel
production bases and widely use biodiesel as alternative fuel.