1 Introduction
33
fruit and Guangpishu has also been greatly developed. Inspired by the country’s huge
demand for biodiesel and policy support, a large number of domestic enterprises have
begun to invest in the biodiesel industry, and the development momentum is relatively
fast. According to incomplete statistics, there are currently more than 40 biodiesel
producers in China.
In terms of bio-aviation fuels, due to high oil prices, coupled with rising environmental standards, many large airlines are looking for alternative fuels to achieve
green flight [27, 28]. The carbon dioxide emission reduction of the aviation industry has become the focus of global response to climate change. The development of
bio-aviation fuel is the fundamental way to reduce emissions in the aviation industry.
Research and industrialization of diesel or aviation kerosene for the deoxidation of
animal and vegetable oils at home and abroad has developed rapidly. Finland is the
first country to carry out basic research and industrial production of second generation biodiesel. The Finnish energy company (Fortum OYJ) proposed a method for
preparing C12-C24 alkanes by fatty acid hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerization (NEXBTL, Next Generation Biomass) to liquid process. Petrobras has developed a process for the mixing and blending of vegetable oils and petrochemical diesel
called H-BIO to convert triglycerides into alkanes. In terms of pilot and industrial
scale, Sinopec in 2011, organized and designed to transform the original equipment
of the Hangzhou refinery into an industrial plant with an annual output of 6,000 tons
of bio-aviation kerosene, which can be blended with the appropriate proportion of
aviation kerosene blending products as required. Compared with foreign technology,
the oil hydrodeoxygenation—the cracking heterogeneous technology—has a small
gap, and it is necessary to carry out the industrialized scale production process and
equipment amplification design based on the pilot test. Compared with the traditional
fossil aviation fuel, the aviation biofuel emits greenhouse gas emissions during the
life cycle. The amount has been reduced by 50–80%. So far, nearly 30 aviation biofuel test flights have been carried out around the world. Materials are animal and
plant oil or microalgae oil as raw materials, using production hydrogenation process.
According to the latest report released by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), aviation biofuels will account for 1% of aviation kerosene by 2015
and will increase year by year. By 2040, the proportion will reach 40–50% of the
total demand.
➁ Lubricant industry
At present, most of the lubricating oil products are based on mineral oil. Animal and
vegetable oils were first used as lubricants, but because they are highly oxidizable,
they have a short service life and are gradually replaced by mineral oil. In recent
years, due to the need for environmental protection, considering that vegetable oil is
easily biodegraded, people have focused their attention on the use of vegetable oils
to prepare biodegradable lubricants.
Vegetable oil-based lubricants are environmentally friendly, renewable, less toxic
and easily biodegradable, and are a direction for the development of environmentally
friendly lubricants in the future. The main component of vegetable oil is triglyceride,
which is formed by linking glycerol molecules and three long-chain fatty acids via
33
fruit and Guangpishu has also been greatly developed. Inspired by the country’s huge
demand for biodiesel and policy support, a large number of domestic enterprises have
begun to invest in the biodiesel industry, and the development momentum is relatively
fast. According to incomplete statistics, there are currently more than 40 biodiesel
producers in China.
In terms of bio-aviation fuels, due to high oil prices, coupled with rising environmental standards, many large airlines are looking for alternative fuels to achieve
green flight [27, 28]. The carbon dioxide emission reduction of the aviation industry has become the focus of global response to climate change. The development of
bio-aviation fuel is the fundamental way to reduce emissions in the aviation industry.
Research and industrialization of diesel or aviation kerosene for the deoxidation of
animal and vegetable oils at home and abroad has developed rapidly. Finland is the
first country to carry out basic research and industrial production of second generation biodiesel. The Finnish energy company (Fortum OYJ) proposed a method for
preparing C12-C24 alkanes by fatty acid hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerization (NEXBTL, Next Generation Biomass) to liquid process. Petrobras has developed a process for the mixing and blending of vegetable oils and petrochemical diesel
called H-BIO to convert triglycerides into alkanes. In terms of pilot and industrial
scale, Sinopec in 2011, organized and designed to transform the original equipment
of the Hangzhou refinery into an industrial plant with an annual output of 6,000 tons
of bio-aviation kerosene, which can be blended with the appropriate proportion of
aviation kerosene blending products as required. Compared with foreign technology,
the oil hydrodeoxygenation—the cracking heterogeneous technology—has a small
gap, and it is necessary to carry out the industrialized scale production process and
equipment amplification design based on the pilot test. Compared with the traditional
fossil aviation fuel, the aviation biofuel emits greenhouse gas emissions during the
life cycle. The amount has been reduced by 50–80%. So far, nearly 30 aviation biofuel test flights have been carried out around the world. Materials are animal and
plant oil or microalgae oil as raw materials, using production hydrogenation process.
According to the latest report released by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), aviation biofuels will account for 1% of aviation kerosene by 2015
and will increase year by year. By 2040, the proportion will reach 40–50% of the
total demand.
➁ Lubricant industry
At present, most of the lubricating oil products are based on mineral oil. Animal and
vegetable oils were first used as lubricants, but because they are highly oxidizable,
they have a short service life and are gradually replaced by mineral oil. In recent
years, due to the need for environmental protection, considering that vegetable oil is
easily biodegraded, people have focused their attention on the use of vegetable oils
to prepare biodegradable lubricants.
Vegetable oil-based lubricants are environmentally friendly, renewable, less toxic
and easily biodegradable, and are a direction for the development of environmentally
friendly lubricants in the future. The main component of vegetable oil is triglyceride,
which is formed by linking glycerol molecules and three long-chain fatty acids via