10 Comprehensive Utilization of Processed Residues …
289
efforts into researches and provide a reliable theoretical basis for the comprehensive
utilization of theasaponin.
10.4.6 The Efficient Extraction of Theasaponin
from the Processed Camellia Oleifera Oil Residues
The extraction and purification methods of theasaponin in Camellia oleifera fruit
shell dregs include water extraction, organic solvent, physical auxiliary method,
macroporous resin adsorption, etc. The water extraction is the earliest method for
extracting theasaponin, which is characterized as easily dissolved in hot water, and
then extracted from hot water as extractant. Since the extractant is water, there is no
pollution and the cost is low, and it is convenient to obtain. However, the long-duration
of hot water immersion can cause hydrolysis and deterioration of theasaponin with
a large number of dissolved impurities that can gelatinize the starch and colloidize
the protein, making it difficult to separate the impurities and increase the difficulties
of subsequent purification. On this account, the extracted theasaponin has a low
recovery rate and purity, deep colored, and poor quality of water-soluble impurities,
and the product is mostly slurry, and the purification becomes difficult. In order to
obtain high-purity theasaponin, it is extracted on the basis of water extraction in
combination with other purification processes [32].
Compared with the water extraction method, organic solvent method reacts faster,
and obtains product with higher purity, and is convenient for separation and concentration. The extracted theasaponin can be used as additive; however, the production
requirements and costs on process and equipment are much higher than the method of
water extraction [33]. Nowadays, the intense solvent extracting and n-butanol leaching method is a general method for extracting theasaponin. It is generally extracted
by reflow and concentration with methanol or dilute ethanol. The concentrated product is suspended in water, then extracted and defatted with diethyl ether and ethyl
acetate, and then extracted with n-butanol to ultimately obtain the total theasaponin.
The n-butanol extraction can obtain theasaponin with higher purity, so it is often used
for the purification of theasaponin.
Ultrasound is used under the following principle that ultrasonic waves acting
on liquids can create cavitation effects, and strong pressure causes destruction on
biological cytoderm. The overall crushing process is completed in an instant. The
vibration generated by the ultrasonic waves enhances the release, diffusion, and dissolution of the intracellular substances but the biological activity remains unchanged
when the extracted material is re-destructed. It also improves the crushing rate and
the extraction rate at the same time, which has been widely used for theasaponin
extraction [34].
289
efforts into researches and provide a reliable theoretical basis for the comprehensive
utilization of theasaponin.
10.4.6 The Efficient Extraction of Theasaponin
from the Processed Camellia Oleifera Oil Residues
The extraction and purification methods of theasaponin in Camellia oleifera fruit
shell dregs include water extraction, organic solvent, physical auxiliary method,
macroporous resin adsorption, etc. The water extraction is the earliest method for
extracting theasaponin, which is characterized as easily dissolved in hot water, and
then extracted from hot water as extractant. Since the extractant is water, there is no
pollution and the cost is low, and it is convenient to obtain. However, the long-duration
of hot water immersion can cause hydrolysis and deterioration of theasaponin with
a large number of dissolved impurities that can gelatinize the starch and colloidize
the protein, making it difficult to separate the impurities and increase the difficulties
of subsequent purification. On this account, the extracted theasaponin has a low
recovery rate and purity, deep colored, and poor quality of water-soluble impurities,
and the product is mostly slurry, and the purification becomes difficult. In order to
obtain high-purity theasaponin, it is extracted on the basis of water extraction in
combination with other purification processes [32].
Compared with the water extraction method, organic solvent method reacts faster,
and obtains product with higher purity, and is convenient for separation and concentration. The extracted theasaponin can be used as additive; however, the production
requirements and costs on process and equipment are much higher than the method of
water extraction [33]. Nowadays, the intense solvent extracting and n-butanol leaching method is a general method for extracting theasaponin. It is generally extracted
by reflow and concentration with methanol or dilute ethanol. The concentrated product is suspended in water, then extracted and defatted with diethyl ether and ethyl
acetate, and then extracted with n-butanol to ultimately obtain the total theasaponin.
The n-butanol extraction can obtain theasaponin with higher purity, so it is often used
for the purification of theasaponin.
Ultrasound is used under the following principle that ultrasonic waves acting
on liquids can create cavitation effects, and strong pressure causes destruction on
biological cytoderm. The overall crushing process is completed in an instant. The
vibration generated by the ultrasonic waves enhances the release, diffusion, and dissolution of the intracellular substances but the biological activity remains unchanged
when the extracted material is re-destructed. It also improves the crushing rate and
the extraction rate at the same time, which has been widely used for theasaponin
extraction [34].