278
Q. Liu et al.
The experimental results showed that cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, and soybean
oil had the best synergistic effect among them.
(2) Methyl esterified vegetable oil based spray additives, the methyl esterified vegetable oil based spray auxiliaries are a refined variety of vegetable oil-based
spray auxiliaries. Vegetable oils have a better affinity with crops after methylation. Studies have shown that its enhancement effect is more obvious than that
of surfactants on the market, mineral oils, and vegetable oils, and it is safe for
the crops. The raw materials of these additives include methylated cottonseed
oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, pine nut oil, refined oil,
or crude oil. The methyl esterified vegetable oil is like the vegetable oil which
is incompatible with water. Therefore, it is also necessary to add emulsifiers
to prepare emulsions and to form an agrochemical spray aid in the form of
emulsions.
Guo et al. [33] conducted a special study on the synergistic effect
of methyl esterified vegetable oil on sulcotrione. The experimental results
showed that esterified vegetable oil can significantly increase the activity of
sulcotrione. It was recommended to use methyl ester vegetable oil with the
amount of 0.5–1% to the spray. Teng [34] explored the effect of methyl esterified vegetable oil on the activity of chlorflufenate against soybean weeds. The
experimental results showed that the use of methyl esterified vegetable oil at
0.5% of the spray volume could significantly improve the activity of chlorflufenate. Lu [35] used methyl potting method to determine the effects of eight kinds
of methyl esterified vegetable oil additives, including methyl esterified rapeseed
oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil,
and castor oil, on the control of herbicides and amaranthus retroflexus by four
common stem and leaf herbicides of sulcotrione, atrazine, nicosulfuron, and
quizalofop-lung. The effect of methyl esterified rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil,
and peanut oil on herbicides was better, while the effects of methyl esterified
linseed oil and castor oil on herbicides were poor.
(3) Mineral oil-based spray additives: Mineral oils have been used as agrochemical
for more than 100 years and are widely used around the world. Using mineral
oils as a synergist has a long history. The 1970s is the extensive application era
of mineral oil emulsions. The mineral oils used as synergists mainly include
paraffin oil, engine oil, diesel oil, kerosene, etc. Emulsions generally need to
be added and are evenly dispersed in water with very small particles to form a
stable opaque emulsion, which can be used as a spray aid. At present, mineral oil
emulsions are generally composed of 80–87% mineral oil and 13–20% nonionic
emulsifier, both of them have oil adhesion, resistance to volatility, permeability,
and surfactants to reduce surface tension.
The addition of mineral oil into insecticides has a good synergistic effect. In
1995, Xing et al. [36] studied the synergistic effect of oil emulsion mixed with
cypermethrin. The results showed that the combination of NO. 32 oil emulsion
mixed with cypermethrin could increase the knockdown rate of fenvalerate to
extend the period of validity. The acute toxicity analysis of toxic chlorpyrifos and avermectin in agricultural mineral oil was studied; the results showed
Q. Liu et al.
The experimental results showed that cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, and soybean
oil had the best synergistic effect among them.
(2) Methyl esterified vegetable oil based spray additives, the methyl esterified vegetable oil based spray auxiliaries are a refined variety of vegetable oil-based
spray auxiliaries. Vegetable oils have a better affinity with crops after methylation. Studies have shown that its enhancement effect is more obvious than that
of surfactants on the market, mineral oils, and vegetable oils, and it is safe for
the crops. The raw materials of these additives include methylated cottonseed
oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, pine nut oil, refined oil,
or crude oil. The methyl esterified vegetable oil is like the vegetable oil which
is incompatible with water. Therefore, it is also necessary to add emulsifiers
to prepare emulsions and to form an agrochemical spray aid in the form of
emulsions.
Guo et al. [33] conducted a special study on the synergistic effect
of methyl esterified vegetable oil on sulcotrione. The experimental results
showed that esterified vegetable oil can significantly increase the activity of
sulcotrione. It was recommended to use methyl ester vegetable oil with the
amount of 0.5–1% to the spray. Teng [34] explored the effect of methyl esterified vegetable oil on the activity of chlorflufenate against soybean weeds. The
experimental results showed that the use of methyl esterified vegetable oil at
0.5% of the spray volume could significantly improve the activity of chlorflufenate. Lu [35] used methyl potting method to determine the effects of eight kinds
of methyl esterified vegetable oil additives, including methyl esterified rapeseed
oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil,
and castor oil, on the control of herbicides and amaranthus retroflexus by four
common stem and leaf herbicides of sulcotrione, atrazine, nicosulfuron, and
quizalofop-lung. The effect of methyl esterified rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil,
and peanut oil on herbicides was better, while the effects of methyl esterified
linseed oil and castor oil on herbicides were poor.
(3) Mineral oil-based spray additives: Mineral oils have been used as agrochemical
for more than 100 years and are widely used around the world. Using mineral
oils as a synergist has a long history. The 1970s is the extensive application era
of mineral oil emulsions. The mineral oils used as synergists mainly include
paraffin oil, engine oil, diesel oil, kerosene, etc. Emulsions generally need to
be added and are evenly dispersed in water with very small particles to form a
stable opaque emulsion, which can be used as a spray aid. At present, mineral oil
emulsions are generally composed of 80–87% mineral oil and 13–20% nonionic
emulsifier, both of them have oil adhesion, resistance to volatility, permeability,
and surfactants to reduce surface tension.
The addition of mineral oil into insecticides has a good synergistic effect. In
1995, Xing et al. [36] studied the synergistic effect of oil emulsion mixed with
cypermethrin. The results showed that the combination of NO. 32 oil emulsion
mixed with cypermethrin could increase the knockdown rate of fenvalerate to
extend the period of validity. The acute toxicity analysis of toxic chlorpyrifos and avermectin in agricultural mineral oil was studied; the results showed