9 Oil-Based Materials and Products
277
into vegetable oil emulsifiers, methyl esterified vegetable oil emulsions, mineral oil
additives, and synthetic ester emulsions according to the source of the raw material. The raw materials of the vegetable oil spray auxiliaries include soybean oil,
rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, turpentine oil, etc. The methyl esterified vegetable oil
is divided into different types of fatty acid methyl esters according to the fatty acid
carbon chain properties, such as saturated bonds, unsaturated bonds, and a number
of carbon atoms. Mineral oil spray auxiliaries are divided into liquid paraffin oil,
white oil, engine oil, diesel oil, etc. Oil-based spray auxiliaries have been widely
used in herbicides, among them the vegetable oil emulsions and methyl esterified
vegetable oil emulsions are the most widely used. Oil-based spray auxiliaries are also
used in insecticides including mineral oils. Oil emulsifier’s synergist is less used in
the fungicide. The main functions of oil-based spray additives are: (1) Reducing
evaporation; (2) Increasing the deposition of active ingredients to reduce the loss of
volatilization and drift; (3) Enhancing the permeability by improving the physical
and chemical properties of the wax layer of plant leaf and increasing pests absorption
and transmission of agrochemicals; (4) Biodegradable and safe to the crops; and (5)
Forming films on the foliage to improve the ability of agrochemicals to withstand
rain and improve agrochemical utilization.
(1) Vegetable oil-based spray additives, the major raw materials of vegetable oilbased spray auxiliaries are derived from soybean oil and cottonseed oil. Since
oils are not miscible with water, it is necessary to add emulsifiers to prepare
emulsions for agrochemical spray. This kind of auxiliaries is widely applied in
herbicides, and the related technology is also well developed. When preparing
an herbicide spray, the amount of 0.5–1.0% vegetable oil-based auxiliary agent
is added in an amount of the spray amount. Moreover, it has been proved by
practice that under the condition of drought, the addition of vegetable oil-based
synergist to the herbicide spray solution can overcome the adverse environmental factors, such as high temperature and dryness. In addition, it can stabilize
the drug effect without damaging the crops.
Yang et al. [30] compared the activities of three kinds of adjuvants such
as ammonium sulfate, azone, and vegetable oils on the control of barnyard
grass with ammonium phosphate and Amaranthus retroflexus. The experimental
results showed that the synergistic effect of vegetable oil was greater than that
of azone. Ryckaert et al. [31] concluded that the vegetable oil adjuvant could
significantly increase the deposition of propiconazole on the top and bottom
surfaces of the leaves, which significantly increased the efficacy. The Northwest
Agriculture and Forestry University in China studied the effects of pepper seed
oil emulsion, cottonseed oil emulsion, and penny oil emulsion on the control of
fenvalerate against aphids. It was believed that the addition of oils could improve
the wet spreading ability of insecticides. It helped the insecticides to penetrate
the insect cuticle and inhibited the activities of certain detoxifying enzymes
of the insects. Du et al. [32] studied the synergistic effect of cottonseed oil,
sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil on acetamiprid.
277
into vegetable oil emulsifiers, methyl esterified vegetable oil emulsions, mineral oil
additives, and synthetic ester emulsions according to the source of the raw material. The raw materials of the vegetable oil spray auxiliaries include soybean oil,
rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, turpentine oil, etc. The methyl esterified vegetable oil
is divided into different types of fatty acid methyl esters according to the fatty acid
carbon chain properties, such as saturated bonds, unsaturated bonds, and a number
of carbon atoms. Mineral oil spray auxiliaries are divided into liquid paraffin oil,
white oil, engine oil, diesel oil, etc. Oil-based spray auxiliaries have been widely
used in herbicides, among them the vegetable oil emulsions and methyl esterified
vegetable oil emulsions are the most widely used. Oil-based spray auxiliaries are also
used in insecticides including mineral oils. Oil emulsifier’s synergist is less used in
the fungicide. The main functions of oil-based spray additives are: (1) Reducing
evaporation; (2) Increasing the deposition of active ingredients to reduce the loss of
volatilization and drift; (3) Enhancing the permeability by improving the physical
and chemical properties of the wax layer of plant leaf and increasing pests absorption
and transmission of agrochemicals; (4) Biodegradable and safe to the crops; and (5)
Forming films on the foliage to improve the ability of agrochemicals to withstand
rain and improve agrochemical utilization.
(1) Vegetable oil-based spray additives, the major raw materials of vegetable oilbased spray auxiliaries are derived from soybean oil and cottonseed oil. Since
oils are not miscible with water, it is necessary to add emulsifiers to prepare
emulsions for agrochemical spray. This kind of auxiliaries is widely applied in
herbicides, and the related technology is also well developed. When preparing
an herbicide spray, the amount of 0.5–1.0% vegetable oil-based auxiliary agent
is added in an amount of the spray amount. Moreover, it has been proved by
practice that under the condition of drought, the addition of vegetable oil-based
synergist to the herbicide spray solution can overcome the adverse environmental factors, such as high temperature and dryness. In addition, it can stabilize
the drug effect without damaging the crops.
Yang et al. [30] compared the activities of three kinds of adjuvants such
as ammonium sulfate, azone, and vegetable oils on the control of barnyard
grass with ammonium phosphate and Amaranthus retroflexus. The experimental
results showed that the synergistic effect of vegetable oil was greater than that
of azone. Ryckaert et al. [31] concluded that the vegetable oil adjuvant could
significantly increase the deposition of propiconazole on the top and bottom
surfaces of the leaves, which significantly increased the efficacy. The Northwest
Agriculture and Forestry University in China studied the effects of pepper seed
oil emulsion, cottonseed oil emulsion, and penny oil emulsion on the control of
fenvalerate against aphids. It was believed that the addition of oils could improve
the wet spreading ability of insecticides. It helped the insecticides to penetrate
the insect cuticle and inhibited the activities of certain detoxifying enzymes
of the insects. Du et al. [32] studied the synergistic effect of cottonseed oil,
sunflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil on acetamiprid.