8 Oleochemistry Products
253
CO-based polyol esters plasticizers could be applied in food packing, children toys
and medical devices as the main plasticizer [98].
CO was used as a plasticizer to improve the properties of PLA and starch which
were melt compounded in a lab-scale co extruder. CO layer on starch has a positive
effect on the crystallization of PLA in the ternary blend comparing to the use of CO
with PLA alone. The accumulation of CO on starch greatly improves the toughness
and impact strength of PLA/starch blends. The grafting content of HDI on the starch
granules primarily determined the compatibility and properties of the resulted blends
[236].
CO fatty acid (COFA) and furfuryl alcohol (FA) esterification by immobilized
Candida antarctica Lipase B in a solvent-free system gave a plasticizer with better
mechanical properties and thermal stability of a FA-COFA ester-containing ethyl
cellulose (EC) film. Prepared bio-plasticizer was than the traditional plasticizer such
as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in producing good quality films [145].
Natural plasticizer was synthesized in the laboratory by esterification of rice fatty
acids and polyols. The resulting product was added to PVC and natural rubber latex
films (5% w/w). Mechanical tests indicated that the addition of the natural plasticizer
resulted in an increase in the elongation at break and a consequent decrease in the
tensile strength of the films. The plasticizing effect induced by the natural plasticizer
was also confirmed by the Tg shift towards lower temperatures in the plasticized
films [46].
A tung oil derived epoxidized dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (epoxidized-C21DAE), was synthesized through transesterification, a Diels–Alder reaction, and epoxidation. The application of epoxidized C21-DAE as a bio-based, primary plasticizer
for PVC significantly improved the thermal stability over that of DOTP and EFAME.
The mechanical properties of this type of PVC were superior to those of DOTP.
Migration and volatility stabilities of epoxidized-C21-DAE were much better than
EFAME. Epoxidized-C21-DAE could, therefore, be fully substituted for commercial
DOTP or EFAME [124].
Waste cooking oil methyl esters were structurally modified, i.e. transesterification
and epoxidation reaction, to prepare epoxide waste cooking oil 2-ethylhexyl esters.
Prepared epoxide via structural modification proved to be an effective alternative to
dioctyl phthalate, replacing about 40% of the total plasticizer. This may lead to the
eco-development of waste cooking oil materials, and makes the plasticizing process
more environmentally friendly [238, 242]. Waste cooking oil and citric acid were
used to synthesize acetylated-fatty acid methyl ester-citric acid ester to be used as a
plasticizer for PVC. Glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased while mechanical
and migration stabilities of the PVC films were obviously better than those of PVC
films plasticized by ESO (epoxidized soybean oil) and as good as those of PVC films
plasticized by DOP (dioctyl phthalate, 99%) [64].
Norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil was synthesized via Diels–Alder reaction
of cyclopentadiene with linseed oil at high pressure and high temperature, followed by an epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide with a quaternary ammonium tetrakis(diperoxotungsto) phosphate(3−) epoxidation catalyst. Incorporation
of divinyl ethers increased the curing rate and overall conversion of the epoxide
groups [39].
253
CO-based polyol esters plasticizers could be applied in food packing, children toys
and medical devices as the main plasticizer [98].
CO was used as a plasticizer to improve the properties of PLA and starch which
were melt compounded in a lab-scale co extruder. CO layer on starch has a positive
effect on the crystallization of PLA in the ternary blend comparing to the use of CO
with PLA alone. The accumulation of CO on starch greatly improves the toughness
and impact strength of PLA/starch blends. The grafting content of HDI on the starch
granules primarily determined the compatibility and properties of the resulted blends
[236].
CO fatty acid (COFA) and furfuryl alcohol (FA) esterification by immobilized
Candida antarctica Lipase B in a solvent-free system gave a plasticizer with better
mechanical properties and thermal stability of a FA-COFA ester-containing ethyl
cellulose (EC) film. Prepared bio-plasticizer was than the traditional plasticizer such
as dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in producing good quality films [145].
Natural plasticizer was synthesized in the laboratory by esterification of rice fatty
acids and polyols. The resulting product was added to PVC and natural rubber latex
films (5% w/w). Mechanical tests indicated that the addition of the natural plasticizer
resulted in an increase in the elongation at break and a consequent decrease in the
tensile strength of the films. The plasticizing effect induced by the natural plasticizer
was also confirmed by the Tg shift towards lower temperatures in the plasticized
films [46].
A tung oil derived epoxidized dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (epoxidized-C21DAE), was synthesized through transesterification, a Diels–Alder reaction, and epoxidation. The application of epoxidized C21-DAE as a bio-based, primary plasticizer
for PVC significantly improved the thermal stability over that of DOTP and EFAME.
The mechanical properties of this type of PVC were superior to those of DOTP.
Migration and volatility stabilities of epoxidized-C21-DAE were much better than
EFAME. Epoxidized-C21-DAE could, therefore, be fully substituted for commercial
DOTP or EFAME [124].
Waste cooking oil methyl esters were structurally modified, i.e. transesterification
and epoxidation reaction, to prepare epoxide waste cooking oil 2-ethylhexyl esters.
Prepared epoxide via structural modification proved to be an effective alternative to
dioctyl phthalate, replacing about 40% of the total plasticizer. This may lead to the
eco-development of waste cooking oil materials, and makes the plasticizing process
more environmentally friendly [238, 242]. Waste cooking oil and citric acid were
used to synthesize acetylated-fatty acid methyl ester-citric acid ester to be used as a
plasticizer for PVC. Glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased while mechanical
and migration stabilities of the PVC films were obviously better than those of PVC
films plasticized by ESO (epoxidized soybean oil) and as good as those of PVC films
plasticized by DOP (dioctyl phthalate, 99%) [64].
Norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil was synthesized via Diels–Alder reaction
of cyclopentadiene with linseed oil at high pressure and high temperature, followed by an epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide with a quaternary ammonium tetrakis(diperoxotungsto) phosphate(3−) epoxidation catalyst. Incorporation
of divinyl ethers increased the curing rate and overall conversion of the epoxide
groups [39].