198
Y. Cao et al.
Although there have been some achievements in bio-lubricants industry, further
improvements are inevitable and are already being recorded with an increasing number of studies directed toward such areas. Firstly, new extraction method should be
developed for large scale production in order to produce castor oil with high quality
effectively. Secondly, lower power-consuming and more efficient modification methods are needed to achieve a better performance of bio-lubricants [13, 14]. And more
and more bio-lubricants should be developed to meet various lubrication demands
[17]. The cost of modification should also be decreased. Thirdly, additives which
can change the chemical and physical properties of bio-lubricants may also have
unknown negative effects on bio-lubricants such as a drop in viscosity or a decrease
in biodegradability [5, 15, 35]. Hence, development of high-performance, multifunctional, and environmental friendly additives with less side effects will become
research hotspot. Additionally, further systematic research of interactions between
bio-lubricants and additives should be conducted. Bio-based high-performance green
lubricants are good for energy-saving and emission-reducing. By accelerating the
application of high-performance green lubricants, improving power, saving fuel,
reducing emissions, and preventing gray skies can be achieved.
References
1. Adhvaryu A, Erhan SZ (2002) Epoxidized soybean oil as a potential source of high-temperature
lubricants. Ind Crop Prod 15:247–254
2. Asadauskas S, Perez JM, Duda JL (1997) Lubrication properties of castor oil-Potential
basestock for biodegradable lubricants. Lube Eng 53:35–40
3. Bongfa B, Peter AA, Barnabas A, Adeoti MO (2015) Comparsion of lubricant properties of
castor oil and commercial engine oil. J Tribol 5:1–11
4. Birová A, Pavlovicová A, Cvengros J (2002) Lubricating oils base from chemically modified
vegetable oils. J Synth Lubr 18:292–299
5. Canter N (2007) Special report: trends in extreme pressure additives. Tribol Lubr Technol
63:10–12
6. Charles D, WO 9835925 (1998) Method for preparing cleaved products from castor oil or
derivatives thereof.
7. Chen B, Fang J, Dong L, Sun X, Wang J (2008) Enhancement of biodegradability of lubricants
by biodegradation accelerants. Lubr Sci 20:311–317
8. Chen J (1999) Refining mixed oil. China Oils Fats 24:25–26 (in Chinese)
9. Demirbas A (2005) Biodiesel production from vegetable oils by supercritical methanol. J Sci
Ind Res India 64:858–865
10. Demirbas A (2006) Biodiesel production via non-catalytic SCF method and biodiesel fuel
characteristics. Energ Convers Manage 47:2271–2282
11. Fernández-Martinez J, Jimenez A, Dominguez J, Garcia JM, Garces R, Mancha M (1989)
Genetic analysis of the high oleic acid content in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.).
Euphytica 41:39–51
12. Gilbert EE (1941) The unique chemistry of castor oil. J Chem Educ 18:338–341
13. Grant I, Charne DG (1999) Brassica napus plant oil wherein the levels of oleic, alpha-linolenic,
and saturated fatty acids are endogenously formed and simultaneously provided in an atypical
highly beneficial distribution via genetic control. US Patent 5955623 21 Sep 1999
14. Grushcow J (2005) High oleic plant oils with hydroxy fatty acids for emission reduction. World
Tribology Congress III, Washington, D.C. USA, 12–16 Sep 2005
Y. Cao et al.
Although there have been some achievements in bio-lubricants industry, further
improvements are inevitable and are already being recorded with an increasing number of studies directed toward such areas. Firstly, new extraction method should be
developed for large scale production in order to produce castor oil with high quality
effectively. Secondly, lower power-consuming and more efficient modification methods are needed to achieve a better performance of bio-lubricants [13, 14]. And more
and more bio-lubricants should be developed to meet various lubrication demands
[17]. The cost of modification should also be decreased. Thirdly, additives which
can change the chemical and physical properties of bio-lubricants may also have
unknown negative effects on bio-lubricants such as a drop in viscosity or a decrease
in biodegradability [5, 15, 35]. Hence, development of high-performance, multifunctional, and environmental friendly additives with less side effects will become
research hotspot. Additionally, further systematic research of interactions between
bio-lubricants and additives should be conducted. Bio-based high-performance green
lubricants are good for energy-saving and emission-reducing. By accelerating the
application of high-performance green lubricants, improving power, saving fuel,
reducing emissions, and preventing gray skies can be achieved.
References
1. Adhvaryu A, Erhan SZ (2002) Epoxidized soybean oil as a potential source of high-temperature
lubricants. Ind Crop Prod 15:247–254
2. Asadauskas S, Perez JM, Duda JL (1997) Lubrication properties of castor oil-Potential
basestock for biodegradable lubricants. Lube Eng 53:35–40
3. Bongfa B, Peter AA, Barnabas A, Adeoti MO (2015) Comparsion of lubricant properties of
castor oil and commercial engine oil. J Tribol 5:1–11
4. Birová A, Pavlovicová A, Cvengros J (2002) Lubricating oils base from chemically modified
vegetable oils. J Synth Lubr 18:292–299
5. Canter N (2007) Special report: trends in extreme pressure additives. Tribol Lubr Technol
63:10–12
6. Charles D, WO 9835925 (1998) Method for preparing cleaved products from castor oil or
derivatives thereof.
7. Chen B, Fang J, Dong L, Sun X, Wang J (2008) Enhancement of biodegradability of lubricants
by biodegradation accelerants. Lubr Sci 20:311–317
8. Chen J (1999) Refining mixed oil. China Oils Fats 24:25–26 (in Chinese)
9. Demirbas A (2005) Biodiesel production from vegetable oils by supercritical methanol. J Sci
Ind Res India 64:858–865
10. Demirbas A (2006) Biodiesel production via non-catalytic SCF method and biodiesel fuel
characteristics. Energ Convers Manage 47:2271–2282
11. Fernández-Martinez J, Jimenez A, Dominguez J, Garcia JM, Garces R, Mancha M (1989)
Genetic analysis of the high oleic acid content in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.).
Euphytica 41:39–51
12. Gilbert EE (1941) The unique chemistry of castor oil. J Chem Educ 18:338–341
13. Grant I, Charne DG (1999) Brassica napus plant oil wherein the levels of oleic, alpha-linolenic,
and saturated fatty acids are endogenously formed and simultaneously provided in an atypical
highly beneficial distribution via genetic control. US Patent 5955623 21 Sep 1999
14. Grushcow J (2005) High oleic plant oils with hydroxy fatty acids for emission reduction. World
Tribology Congress III, Washington, D.C. USA, 12–16 Sep 2005