Chapter 2
The Smart “Things” in IoT
Farshad Firouzi, Bahar Farahani, and Mahdi Nazm Bojnordi
Be as smart as you can, but remember that it is always better to
be wise than to be smart.
Alan Alda
Contents
2.1 Definition and Architecture of Smart Things ............................................
52
2.2 Sensors.....................................................................................
55
2.3 Actuators ..................................................................................
59
2.3.1 Switches and Relays .............................................................
59
2.3.2 Electrical Motors.................................................................
61
2.4 Processing Unit: Microcontroller.........................................................
63
2.4.1 Classifications of Microcontrollers .............................................
63
2.4.2 Three Main Types of Microcontrollers .........................................
67
2.5 ARM Microcontrollers....................................................................
68
2.5.1 Background ......................................................................
68
2.5.2 Architecture ......................................................................
70
2.5.3 GPIOs and Interfaces ............................................................
73
2.5.4 Clock Tree........................................................................
83
2.5.5 Interrupts .........................................................................
84
2.5.6 Addressing Modes ...............................................................
87
2.5.7 Timers ............................................................................
89
2.5.8 Low-Power Modes ...............................................................
90
2.5.9 Programming and Debugging Techniques ......................................
92
2.5.10 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) ..........................................
93
2.6 Summary ..................................................................................
94
References ........................................................................................
94
F. Firouzi ()
Department of ECE, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
B. Farahani
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
M. N. Bojnordi
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
F. Firouzi et al. (eds.), Intelligent Internet of Things,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30367-9_2
51
The Smart “Things” in IoT
Farshad Firouzi, Bahar Farahani, and Mahdi Nazm Bojnordi
Be as smart as you can, but remember that it is always better to
be wise than to be smart.
Alan Alda
Contents
2.1 Definition and Architecture of Smart Things ............................................
52
2.2 Sensors.....................................................................................
55
2.3 Actuators ..................................................................................
59
2.3.1 Switches and Relays .............................................................
59
2.3.2 Electrical Motors.................................................................
61
2.4 Processing Unit: Microcontroller.........................................................
63
2.4.1 Classifications of Microcontrollers .............................................
63
2.4.2 Three Main Types of Microcontrollers .........................................
67
2.5 ARM Microcontrollers....................................................................
68
2.5.1 Background ......................................................................
68
2.5.2 Architecture ......................................................................
70
2.5.3 GPIOs and Interfaces ............................................................
73
2.5.4 Clock Tree........................................................................
83
2.5.5 Interrupts .........................................................................
84
2.5.6 Addressing Modes ...............................................................
87
2.5.7 Timers ............................................................................
89
2.5.8 Low-Power Modes ...............................................................
90
2.5.9 Programming and Debugging Techniques ......................................
92
2.5.10 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) ..........................................
93
2.6 Summary ..................................................................................
94
References ........................................................................................
94
F. Firouzi ()
Department of ECE, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
B. Farahani
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
M. N. Bojnordi
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
F. Firouzi et al. (eds.), Intelligent Internet of Things,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30367-9_2
51