548
R. B. Pachori and V. Gupta
12.7 Analysis of Biomedical Signals......................................................... 595
12.7.1 Time-Domain Analysis ....................................................... 595
12.7.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis ................................................. 596
12.7.3 Time-Frequency Domain-Based Analysis................................... 598
12.7.4 Other Methods ................................................................ 598
12.8 Modeling of Biomedical Signals ....................................................... 599
12.8.1 Models for ECG Signal Representation ..................................... 599
12.8.2 Models for EEG Signal Representation ..................................... 599
12.8.3 Models for EMG Signal Representation .................................... 600
12.8.4 Models of Other Biomedical Signals ........................................ 600
12.9 Applications ............................................................................. 600
12.9.1 Detection of Heart-Related Disorders ....................................... 601
12.9.2 Detection of Brain-Related Diseases ........................................ 601
12.9.3 Detection of Neuromuscular Diseases ....................................... 601
12.9.4 Postural Stability Analysis ................................................... 602
12.9.5 Other Related Applications .................................................. 602
References ........................................................................................ 602
12.1 Introduction of Bioelectricity and Biomechanics
In the current scenario, the innovation in technology is increasing as per the
requirements of our lives. This fact is also true for the area of health-care services
and medicine. The recent advancement in health-care system leads to effective
diagnosis and better treatment of diseases with the help of biomedical engineering.
Biomedical engineering includes two major fields, medicine and engineering.
The engineering field has assisted health-care technology by providing tools and
techniques such as biosensors, signal processing, image processing, and artificial
intelligence. These tools and techniques help health-care technology in the research,
diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases [1]. The field of biomedical engineering
also includes many new areas of research such as bioelectricity and biomechanics.
Bioelectricity is also known as electrophysiology [2]. Bioelectricity has the same
principle which the electricity has in the atmosphere and solid-state materials. One
of the major differences in bioelectricity and electricity is that the living systems
derive their electrical energy from the difference of ionic concentration which
is present across cell membranes as compared to man-made electrical systems.
Therefore, the energy sources in living systems are distributed in space along the
membrane, and this energy can be utilized by involving a flow of current across the
membrane. In other words, the systems designed by humans have a localized energy
source, for example, a battery, which conducts the currents through a conductor,
whereas living systems have distributed sources of energy. The bioelectricity is
quantified with the help of potentials and currents which values are functions of
position. The animals and people have huge volumes with conducting solution
through which ionic currents can flow. Hence, the study of bioelectricity is important
for understanding the electrical phenomena in different parts of a living system [3].
On the other hand, the biomechanics is a study of human movement which
is defined as the interdisciplinary that describes, analyzes, and assesses human
R. B. Pachori and V. Gupta
12.7 Analysis of Biomedical Signals......................................................... 595
12.7.1 Time-Domain Analysis ....................................................... 595
12.7.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis ................................................. 596
12.7.3 Time-Frequency Domain-Based Analysis................................... 598
12.7.4 Other Methods ................................................................ 598
12.8 Modeling of Biomedical Signals ....................................................... 599
12.8.1 Models for ECG Signal Representation ..................................... 599
12.8.2 Models for EEG Signal Representation ..................................... 599
12.8.3 Models for EMG Signal Representation .................................... 600
12.8.4 Models of Other Biomedical Signals ........................................ 600
12.9 Applications ............................................................................. 600
12.9.1 Detection of Heart-Related Disorders ....................................... 601
12.9.2 Detection of Brain-Related Diseases ........................................ 601
12.9.3 Detection of Neuromuscular Diseases ....................................... 601
12.9.4 Postural Stability Analysis ................................................... 602
12.9.5 Other Related Applications .................................................. 602
References ........................................................................................ 602
12.1 Introduction of Bioelectricity and Biomechanics
In the current scenario, the innovation in technology is increasing as per the
requirements of our lives. This fact is also true for the area of health-care services
and medicine. The recent advancement in health-care system leads to effective
diagnosis and better treatment of diseases with the help of biomedical engineering.
Biomedical engineering includes two major fields, medicine and engineering.
The engineering field has assisted health-care technology by providing tools and
techniques such as biosensors, signal processing, image processing, and artificial
intelligence. These tools and techniques help health-care technology in the research,
diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases [1]. The field of biomedical engineering
also includes many new areas of research such as bioelectricity and biomechanics.
Bioelectricity is also known as electrophysiology [2]. Bioelectricity has the same
principle which the electricity has in the atmosphere and solid-state materials. One
of the major differences in bioelectricity and electricity is that the living systems
derive their electrical energy from the difference of ionic concentration which
is present across cell membranes as compared to man-made electrical systems.
Therefore, the energy sources in living systems are distributed in space along the
membrane, and this energy can be utilized by involving a flow of current across the
membrane. In other words, the systems designed by humans have a localized energy
source, for example, a battery, which conducts the currents through a conductor,
whereas living systems have distributed sources of energy. The bioelectricity is
quantified with the help of potentials and currents which values are functions of
position. The animals and people have huge volumes with conducting solution
through which ionic currents can flow. Hence, the study of bioelectricity is important
for understanding the electrical phenomena in different parts of a living system [3].
On the other hand, the biomechanics is a study of human movement which
is defined as the interdisciplinary that describes, analyzes, and assesses human