Chapter 12
Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals
Ram Bilas Pachori and Vipin Gupta
If it weren’t for electricity, we’d all be watching television by
candlelight.
George Gobel
Contents
12.1 Introduction of Bioelectricity and Biomechanics ...................................... 548
12.2 Biosensors ............................................................................... 549
12.2.1 Temperature Sensors ......................................................... 549
12.2.2 Light Sensors ................................................................. 553
12.2.3 Spectrophotometry ........................................................... 555
12.2.4 Fluorescence .................................................................. 556
12.2.5 Immunosensors ............................................................... 556
12.3 Basics of Signals and Systems .......................................................... 557
12.3.1 Types of Signals .............................................................. 557
12.3.2 Types of Systems ............................................................. 562
12.3.3 Signal Acquisition ............................................................ 565
12.3.4 Time- and Frequency-Domain Representations ............................. 565
12.3.5 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)
Filters.......................................................................... 569
12.4 Types of Biomedical Signals ............................................................ 570
12.4.1 Electroencephalogram (EEG) ................................................ 571
12.4.2 Electrocardiogram (ECG) .................................................... 572
12.4.3 Electromyogram (EMG) ..................................................... 574
12.4.4 Electrooculogram (EOG)..................................................... 576
12.4.5 Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) ............................................. 577
12.4.6 Other Biomedical Signals .................................................... 578
12.5 Physiological Phenomena and Biomedical Signals .................................... 579
12.5.1 Vital Phenomena and Their Parameters ..................................... 580
12.5.2 Parameter Behavior ........................................................... 587
12.6 Sensing by Optic Biomedical Signals .................................................. 589
12.6.1 Formation Aspects ............................................................ 590
12.6.2 Sensing Aspects .............................................................. 593
R. B. Pachori · V. Gupta ()
Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
e-mail: vipingupta@iiti.ac.in
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
F. Firouzi et al. (eds.), Intelligent Internet of Things,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30367-9_12
547
Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals
Ram Bilas Pachori and Vipin Gupta
If it weren’t for electricity, we’d all be watching television by
candlelight.
George Gobel
Contents
12.1 Introduction of Bioelectricity and Biomechanics ...................................... 548
12.2 Biosensors ............................................................................... 549
12.2.1 Temperature Sensors ......................................................... 549
12.2.2 Light Sensors ................................................................. 553
12.2.3 Spectrophotometry ........................................................... 555
12.2.4 Fluorescence .................................................................. 556
12.2.5 Immunosensors ............................................................... 556
12.3 Basics of Signals and Systems .......................................................... 557
12.3.1 Types of Signals .............................................................. 557
12.3.2 Types of Systems ............................................................. 562
12.3.3 Signal Acquisition ............................................................ 565
12.3.4 Time- and Frequency-Domain Representations ............................. 565
12.3.5 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)
Filters.......................................................................... 569
12.4 Types of Biomedical Signals ............................................................ 570
12.4.1 Electroencephalogram (EEG) ................................................ 571
12.4.2 Electrocardiogram (ECG) .................................................... 572
12.4.3 Electromyogram (EMG) ..................................................... 574
12.4.4 Electrooculogram (EOG)..................................................... 576
12.4.5 Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) ............................................. 577
12.4.6 Other Biomedical Signals .................................................... 578
12.5 Physiological Phenomena and Biomedical Signals .................................... 579
12.5.1 Vital Phenomena and Their Parameters ..................................... 580
12.5.2 Parameter Behavior ........................................................... 587
12.6 Sensing by Optic Biomedical Signals .................................................. 589
12.6.1 Formation Aspects ............................................................ 590
12.6.2 Sensing Aspects .............................................................. 593
R. B. Pachori · V. Gupta ()
Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
e-mail: vipingupta@iiti.ac.in
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
F. Firouzi et al. (eds.), Intelligent Internet of Things,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30367-9_12
547