11 Healthcare IoT
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example, data integrity must be ensured where the sensors must fulfill the privacy
requirements provided by the law.
3. Interoperability: The main objective is to reform the chaotic and at times
dysfunctional nature of information exchange among healthcare stakeholders
such as hospitals, doctors, and patients.
4. Low-power communication: It is very important to consider the trade-off between
communication, computation, and energy consumption to be able to design
an optimal system. Many constraints and policies such as sampling rate can
impact the selection of the communication technology. For example, instead
of sending raw electrocardiogram (ECG) data from sensors, we can perform
feature extraction on the wearable devices and transfer only information about
the particular event.
The state-of-the-art IoT e-Health devices are typically classified into two categories:
1. Physical sensors: In general, any wired/wireless medical device can be used in
an e-Health ecosystem to track the physical wellness of patients and digitally
monitor their health.
(a) Electrocardiogram (ECG): Electrical activity of the heart. ECG is a continued waveform showing the contraction and relaxation phases of the cardiac
cycles.
(b) Heart rate: The speed at which the heart beats.
(c) Heart sounds: A record of heart sounds, produced via stethoscope (chest
microphone).
(d) Electroencephalogram (EEG): Electrical activity generated by the brain.
These signals enable doctors to better monitor and tackle brain diseases such
as seizure.
(e) Electromyogram (EMG): Electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
(f) Blood pressure: Arterial pressure measured in the vessels and chambers of
the heart which shows the performance of the heart and the resistance of the
vessels. Blood pressure is represented by two numbers: i) systolic, highest
level your blood pressure reaches when the heart beats, and ii) diastolic,
lowest level blood pressure reaches when the heart relaxes between beats.
According to American Heart Association, there are five blood pressure
ranges as follow:
i. Normal: Blood pressure numbers of less than 120/80 mmHg.
ii. Elevated: When the readings consistently range from 120 to 129 systolic
and less than 80 mmHg diastolic.
iii. Hypertension stage 1: When pressure consistently ranges from 130 to 139
systolic or 80 to 89 mmHg diastolic.
iv. Hypertension stage 2: When blood pressure ranges at 140/90 mmHg or
higher.
523
example, data integrity must be ensured where the sensors must fulfill the privacy
requirements provided by the law.
3. Interoperability: The main objective is to reform the chaotic and at times
dysfunctional nature of information exchange among healthcare stakeholders
such as hospitals, doctors, and patients.
4. Low-power communication: It is very important to consider the trade-off between
communication, computation, and energy consumption to be able to design
an optimal system. Many constraints and policies such as sampling rate can
impact the selection of the communication technology. For example, instead
of sending raw electrocardiogram (ECG) data from sensors, we can perform
feature extraction on the wearable devices and transfer only information about
the particular event.
The state-of-the-art IoT e-Health devices are typically classified into two categories:
1. Physical sensors: In general, any wired/wireless medical device can be used in
an e-Health ecosystem to track the physical wellness of patients and digitally
monitor their health.
(a) Electrocardiogram (ECG): Electrical activity of the heart. ECG is a continued waveform showing the contraction and relaxation phases of the cardiac
cycles.
(b) Heart rate: The speed at which the heart beats.
(c) Heart sounds: A record of heart sounds, produced via stethoscope (chest
microphone).
(d) Electroencephalogram (EEG): Electrical activity generated by the brain.
These signals enable doctors to better monitor and tackle brain diseases such
as seizure.
(e) Electromyogram (EMG): Electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
(f) Blood pressure: Arterial pressure measured in the vessels and chambers of
the heart which shows the performance of the heart and the resistance of the
vessels. Blood pressure is represented by two numbers: i) systolic, highest
level your blood pressure reaches when the heart beats, and ii) diastolic,
lowest level blood pressure reaches when the heart relaxes between beats.
According to American Heart Association, there are five blood pressure
ranges as follow:
i. Normal: Blood pressure numbers of less than 120/80 mmHg.
ii. Elevated: When the readings consistently range from 120 to 129 systolic
and less than 80 mmHg diastolic.
iii. Hypertension stage 1: When pressure consistently ranges from 130 to 139
systolic or 80 to 89 mmHg diastolic.
iv. Hypertension stage 2: When blood pressure ranges at 140/90 mmHg or
higher.