1 IoT Fundamentals: Definitions, Architectures, Challenges, and Promises
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• Internet of Everything: Cisco invented this term to mean the “people, process,
data and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable,
turning information into actions’ that improve everything.” This terminology was
abandoned sometime in 2017.
• Social Internet of Things (SIoT): SIoT refers to an IoT in which things are able to
create a network of social relationships with one another independent of human
intervention. Objects are able to begin constructing social relationships based
on the object’s profile, interests (i.e., applications deployed, services used), and
activities (i.e., movements). These social relationships can also be organized
around events causing their creation. For example, a co-work relationship can
be created between objects that work together to generate a common IoT application, such as objects that cooperate with each other to provide telemedicine
or emergency response. A parental relationship may exist between objects that
have the same manufacturer, are of the same model, or were constructed within
the same period because they are part of the same batch. Social relationships are
created between objects that are in contact occasionally or continuously because
the object owners are in contact, and a co-ownership relationship may be created
between heterogeneous objects that are owned by the same user. Adoption of the
SIoT model offers many advantages [9]:
– The social network created by the SIoT objects can be shaped as needed to
ensure network navigability, the effective discovery of objects or services, and
scalability similar to human social networks.
– Trustworthiness can be created to balance the level of interaction among
objects that are friends.
– Models created to study social networks can be utilized to address IoT issues
related to large networks of interconnected objects.
1.1.2 Impact of IoT
The estimated future impact of the Internet of Things is staggering. At the time of
writing, it has been estimated that there are about 14 billion devices connected to the
Internet. According to a Gartner forecast, it will go up to 25 billion by 2021. Cisco
predicts that by 2020, that number will increase to 50 billion things. The government
of the United Kingdom speculates twice that number, upward of 100 billion things.
With this increased amount of connectivity, the way we interact with everyday
objects will fundamentally shift. More of our choices can be driven by data instead
of guesswork or habit. In our businesses, data-driven decision-making will prove
more efficient and profitable. In our industries, processes and systems will be better
managed and monitored, making us safer. Our quality of life will increase as these
optimizations save us time, money, and energy. New services can be innovated from
the data-rich environment, further improving our well-being.
9
• Internet of Everything: Cisco invented this term to mean the “people, process,
data and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable,
turning information into actions’ that improve everything.” This terminology was
abandoned sometime in 2017.
• Social Internet of Things (SIoT): SIoT refers to an IoT in which things are able to
create a network of social relationships with one another independent of human
intervention. Objects are able to begin constructing social relationships based
on the object’s profile, interests (i.e., applications deployed, services used), and
activities (i.e., movements). These social relationships can also be organized
around events causing their creation. For example, a co-work relationship can
be created between objects that work together to generate a common IoT application, such as objects that cooperate with each other to provide telemedicine
or emergency response. A parental relationship may exist between objects that
have the same manufacturer, are of the same model, or were constructed within
the same period because they are part of the same batch. Social relationships are
created between objects that are in contact occasionally or continuously because
the object owners are in contact, and a co-ownership relationship may be created
between heterogeneous objects that are owned by the same user. Adoption of the
SIoT model offers many advantages [9]:
– The social network created by the SIoT objects can be shaped as needed to
ensure network navigability, the effective discovery of objects or services, and
scalability similar to human social networks.
– Trustworthiness can be created to balance the level of interaction among
objects that are friends.
– Models created to study social networks can be utilized to address IoT issues
related to large networks of interconnected objects.
1.1.2 Impact of IoT
The estimated future impact of the Internet of Things is staggering. At the time of
writing, it has been estimated that there are about 14 billion devices connected to the
Internet. According to a Gartner forecast, it will go up to 25 billion by 2021. Cisco
predicts that by 2020, that number will increase to 50 billion things. The government
of the United Kingdom speculates twice that number, upward of 100 billion things.
With this increased amount of connectivity, the way we interact with everyday
objects will fundamentally shift. More of our choices can be driven by data instead
of guesswork or habit. In our businesses, data-driven decision-making will prove
more efficient and profitable. In our industries, processes and systems will be better
managed and monitored, making us safer. Our quality of life will increase as these
optimizations save us time, money, and energy. New services can be innovated from
the data-rich environment, further improving our well-being.