8
F. Firouzi et al.
• Process – The final component of the IoT ecosystem is process and that is
where the benefits of intelligent automation, informed decision-making and
control, and efficient procedures are realized. All of the methods, techniques, and
processes currently used in vertical industries (e.g., manufacturing, logistics) can
be made more efficient with the right information at the right time. Analyzing
the data gathered from sensors and delivering this information to the appropriate
stakeholders is the main idea of the process of IoT.
1.1.1 Internet of Things Terms and Acronyms
In this section, we review some fundamentals terms and explain how they relate to
the Internet of Things.
• Machine to machine communication (M2M): M2M is network communication
between devices using any channel. Originally, it was used in an industrial
context, but has come to mean that communication used to transmit data to
personal appliances. Internet of Things is also communications between devices,
but is used to also refer to vertical software stacks that automate and manage
communications between multiple devices, and therefore refers to communication on a larger scale. Table 1.1 highlights the key differences between IoT and
M2M.
• Cyber-physical systems (CPS): The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has the following definition for CPS: “Cyber-Physical Systems
comprise interacting digital, analog, physical and human components engineered for function through integrated physics and logic. These systems will
provide the foundation of our critical infrastructure, form the basis of emerging
and future smart services, and improve our quality of life in many areas.” Many
manufacturing processes rely on cyber-physical systems as part of manufacturing. A cyber-physical system can also be found beyond manufacturing, for
example, in the Smart Grid or in Smart Cities [8].
Table 1.1 The key differences between IoT and M2M
IoT
M2M
Devices communicate using IP networks,
varying communications protocols possible
Point to point communications – embedded in
hardware at the customer site
Data delivery is relayed through a middle
layer in the cloud
Many devices use these protocols, over
cellular networks or wired networks
Active Internet connection required
Not necessarily an Internet connection
Integration options are more varied, but
management is necessary
Limited integration options; devices must
have communications standards
F. Firouzi et al.
• Process – The final component of the IoT ecosystem is process and that is
where the benefits of intelligent automation, informed decision-making and
control, and efficient procedures are realized. All of the methods, techniques, and
processes currently used in vertical industries (e.g., manufacturing, logistics) can
be made more efficient with the right information at the right time. Analyzing
the data gathered from sensors and delivering this information to the appropriate
stakeholders is the main idea of the process of IoT.
1.1.1 Internet of Things Terms and Acronyms
In this section, we review some fundamentals terms and explain how they relate to
the Internet of Things.
• Machine to machine communication (M2M): M2M is network communication
between devices using any channel. Originally, it was used in an industrial
context, but has come to mean that communication used to transmit data to
personal appliances. Internet of Things is also communications between devices,
but is used to also refer to vertical software stacks that automate and manage
communications between multiple devices, and therefore refers to communication on a larger scale. Table 1.1 highlights the key differences between IoT and
M2M.
• Cyber-physical systems (CPS): The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has the following definition for CPS: “Cyber-Physical Systems
comprise interacting digital, analog, physical and human components engineered for function through integrated physics and logic. These systems will
provide the foundation of our critical infrastructure, form the basis of emerging
and future smart services, and improve our quality of life in many areas.” Many
manufacturing processes rely on cyber-physical systems as part of manufacturing. A cyber-physical system can also be found beyond manufacturing, for
example, in the Smart Grid or in Smart Cities [8].
Table 1.1 The key differences between IoT and M2M
IoT
M2M
Devices communicate using IP networks,
varying communications protocols possible
Point to point communications – embedded in
hardware at the customer site
Data delivery is relayed through a middle
layer in the cloud
Many devices use these protocols, over
cellular networks or wired networks
Active Internet connection required
Not necessarily an Internet connection
Integration options are more varied, but
management is necessary
Limited integration options; devices must
have communications standards