11. Wu, M. et al. 2004. Redox deposition of manganese oxide on graphite for supercapacitors. Electrochemistry Ccommunications, 6, 499–504.
12. Peng, C. J. Jin, and G. Z. Chen. 2007. A comparative study on electrochemical
co-deposition and capacitance of composite films of conducting polymers and
carbon nanotubes. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 525–537.
13. Sivakkumar, S. et al. 2007. Performance evaluation of CNT–polypyrrole–MnO 2
composite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 52,
7377–7385.
14. Chmiola, J. et al. 2006. Anomalous increase in carbon capacitance at pore sizes
less than one nanometer. Science, 313, 1760–1763.
1. 5. Yu, A. et al. 2010. Ultrathin, transparent, and flexible graphene films for supercapacitor application. Applied Physics Letters, 96, 253105.
16. Yoo, J. J. et al. 2001. Ultrathin planar graphene supercapacitors. Nanoletters, 11,
1423–1427.
17. Kim, W. et al. 2009. Preparation of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanopipes for the electrochemical double-layer capacitor. Carbon, 47, 407–1411.
18. Monk, J. R. Singh, and F. R. Hung. 2011. Effects of pore size and pore loading
on the properties of ionic liquids confined inside nanoporous CMK-3 carbon
materials. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 3034–3042.
19. Li, Q. et al. 2012. In situ construction of potato starch based carbon nanofiber–
activated carbon hybrid structure for high performance electrical double-layer
capacitor. Journal of Power Sources, 207, 199–204.
20. Pech, D. et al. 2010. Ultrahigh power micrometre sized supercapacitors based on
onion-like carbon. Nature: Nanotechnology, 5, 651–654.
21. Hu, C., C. W. C. Chen, and K. H. Chang. 2004. How to achieve maximum utilization of hydrous ruthenium oxide for supercapacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical
Society, 151, A281–A290.
22. Devaraj, S. and N. Munichandraiah. 2008. Effect of crystallographic structure of
MnO 2 on its electrochemical capacitance properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry
C, 112, 4406–4417.
23. Yang, Y. and C. Huang. 2010. Effect of synthetical conditions, morphology, and
crystallographic structure of MnO 2 on its electrochemical behavior. Journal of
Solid State Electrochemistry, 14, 1293–1301.
24. Mao, L. et al. 2012 Nanostructured MnO 2 –graphene composites for supercapacitor electrodes : effects of morphology, crystallinity, and composition. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 22, 1845–1851.
25. Li, Y. et al. 2011. Preparation and electrochemical performances of 0–MnO 2
nanorod for supercapacitor. Materials Letters, 65, 403–405.
26. Ai, Z. et al. 2008. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of MnO 2 nanoplates with
environmental catalytic activity. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 111, 162–167.
27. Wei, T. Y. et al. 2010. Cost-effective supercapacitor material of ultrahigh specific
capacitances : spinel nickel–cobaltite aerogels from an epoxide-driven sol–gel
process. Advanced Materials, 22, 347–351.
28. Xiao, J. and S. Yang. 2011. Sequential crystallization of sea urchin-like bimetallic (Ni, Co) carbonate hydroxide and its morphology conserved conversion to
porous NiCo 2 O 4 spinel for pseudocapacitors. RSC Advances, 1, 588–595.
29. Tao, T. et al. 2011. Ilmenite FeTiO 3 nanoflowers and their pseudocapacitance.
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 17297–17302.
346
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
12. Peng, C. J. Jin, and G. Z. Chen. 2007. A comparative study on electrochemical
co-deposition and capacitance of composite films of conducting polymers and
carbon nanotubes. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 525–537.
13. Sivakkumar, S. et al. 2007. Performance evaluation of CNT–polypyrrole–MnO 2
composite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 52,
7377–7385.
14. Chmiola, J. et al. 2006. Anomalous increase in carbon capacitance at pore sizes
less than one nanometer. Science, 313, 1760–1763.
1. 5. Yu, A. et al. 2010. Ultrathin, transparent, and flexible graphene films for supercapacitor application. Applied Physics Letters, 96, 253105.
16. Yoo, J. J. et al. 2001. Ultrathin planar graphene supercapacitors. Nanoletters, 11,
1423–1427.
17. Kim, W. et al. 2009. Preparation of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanopipes for the electrochemical double-layer capacitor. Carbon, 47, 407–1411.
18. Monk, J. R. Singh, and F. R. Hung. 2011. Effects of pore size and pore loading
on the properties of ionic liquids confined inside nanoporous CMK-3 carbon
materials. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 3034–3042.
19. Li, Q. et al. 2012. In situ construction of potato starch based carbon nanofiber–
activated carbon hybrid structure for high performance electrical double-layer
capacitor. Journal of Power Sources, 207, 199–204.
20. Pech, D. et al. 2010. Ultrahigh power micrometre sized supercapacitors based on
onion-like carbon. Nature: Nanotechnology, 5, 651–654.
21. Hu, C., C. W. C. Chen, and K. H. Chang. 2004. How to achieve maximum utilization of hydrous ruthenium oxide for supercapacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical
Society, 151, A281–A290.
22. Devaraj, S. and N. Munichandraiah. 2008. Effect of crystallographic structure of
MnO 2 on its electrochemical capacitance properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry
C, 112, 4406–4417.
23. Yang, Y. and C. Huang. 2010. Effect of synthetical conditions, morphology, and
crystallographic structure of MnO 2 on its electrochemical behavior. Journal of
Solid State Electrochemistry, 14, 1293–1301.
24. Mao, L. et al. 2012 Nanostructured MnO 2 –graphene composites for supercapacitor electrodes : effects of morphology, crystallinity, and composition. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 22, 1845–1851.
25. Li, Y. et al. 2011. Preparation and electrochemical performances of 0–MnO 2
nanorod for supercapacitor. Materials Letters, 65, 403–405.
26. Ai, Z. et al. 2008. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of MnO 2 nanoplates with
environmental catalytic activity. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 111, 162–167.
27. Wei, T. Y. et al. 2010. Cost-effective supercapacitor material of ultrahigh specific
capacitances : spinel nickel–cobaltite aerogels from an epoxide-driven sol–gel
process. Advanced Materials, 22, 347–351.
28. Xiao, J. and S. Yang. 2011. Sequential crystallization of sea urchin-like bimetallic (Ni, Co) carbonate hydroxide and its morphology conserved conversion to
porous NiCo 2 O 4 spinel for pseudocapacitors. RSC Advances, 1, 588–595.
29. Tao, T. et al. 2011. Ilmenite FeTiO 3 nanoflowers and their pseudocapacitance.
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 17297–17302.
346
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery