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Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
8.12 Summary
Electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs) present important advantages that
qualify them for many applications. In this chapter, several important ES
use areas are briefly reviewed. Examples are power electronics, memory
protection, battery enhancements, portable energy sources, power quality
improvement, adjustable speed drives (ASDs), high power actuators, hybrid
electric vehicles, renewable and off-peak energy storage, and military and
aerospace applications.
ESs have high power densities, long cycle lives, low ESRs, and reduced sizes
and weights. When used with batteries, they improve battery cycle life significantly. For example, the use of a battery–ES hybrid connection has proven
beneficial for run-time extensions in mobile applications. The extension is
achieved by a reduction of internal battery losses generated by the lower
impedance resulting from the battery–ES connection. Furthermore, the loss
reduction is accompanied by an improvement in the power-delivering ability of the hybrid system, improving its performance for pulsating loads such
as microprocessors. The addition of an inductor connected in series with the
battery can increase the run-time of the system when compared to a parallel
battery capacitor connection.
In a practical application intended to improve power quality, the use of an
ES bank to provide ride-through in adjustable speed drives proved feasible
in compensating for deep voltage sags and short voltage interruptions while
maintaining a constant DC link voltage level during transient disturbances.
It is worth noting that due to the current-dependent ES cell voltage, DC–DC
converters are required to regulate cell voltage. This will cause some parasitic power loss and increase system cost.
References
1. Winter, M. and R.J. Brodd. 2004. What
Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and
Supercapacitors? Chemical Reviews, 104, 4245–4270.
2. Drew, J. 2011. ES-based power back-up prevents data loss in RAID systems.
Linear Technology Design Notes, DN487.
3. http://www.vikingmodular.com/products/arxcis/arxcis.html and http://
www.ssg-now.com/viking-modular-eliminates-the-battery-in-ddr3-non-volatile-module/
4. Smith, T. A., J. P. Mars, and G. A. Turner. 2002. Using ES to improve battery
performance. Proceedings of 33rd Annual IEEE International Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, 124–128.
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
8.12 Summary
Electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs) present important advantages that
qualify them for many applications. In this chapter, several important ES
use areas are briefly reviewed. Examples are power electronics, memory
protection, battery enhancements, portable energy sources, power quality
improvement, adjustable speed drives (ASDs), high power actuators, hybrid
electric vehicles, renewable and off-peak energy storage, and military and
aerospace applications.
ESs have high power densities, long cycle lives, low ESRs, and reduced sizes
and weights. When used with batteries, they improve battery cycle life significantly. For example, the use of a battery–ES hybrid connection has proven
beneficial for run-time extensions in mobile applications. The extension is
achieved by a reduction of internal battery losses generated by the lower
impedance resulting from the battery–ES connection. Furthermore, the loss
reduction is accompanied by an improvement in the power-delivering ability of the hybrid system, improving its performance for pulsating loads such
as microprocessors. The addition of an inductor connected in series with the
battery can increase the run-time of the system when compared to a parallel
battery capacitor connection.
In a practical application intended to improve power quality, the use of an
ES bank to provide ride-through in adjustable speed drives proved feasible
in compensating for deep voltage sags and short voltage interruptions while
maintaining a constant DC link voltage level during transient disturbances.
It is worth noting that due to the current-dependent ES cell voltage, DC–DC
converters are required to regulate cell voltage. This will cause some parasitic power loss and increase system cost.
References
1. Winter, M. and R.J. Brodd. 2004. What
Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and
Supercapacitors? Chemical Reviews, 104, 4245–4270.
2. Drew, J. 2011. ES-based power back-up prevents data loss in RAID systems.
Linear Technology Design Notes, DN487.
3. http://www.vikingmodular.com/products/arxcis/arxcis.html and http://
www.ssg-now.com/viking-modular-eliminates-the-battery-in-ddr3-non-volatile-module/
4. Smith, T. A., J. P. Mars, and G. A. Turner. 2002. Using ES to improve battery
performance. Proceedings of 33rd Annual IEEE International Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, 124–128.