1. Maher, B. 2009. Ultracapacitor and the Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Maxwell Technologies
White Paper. [Acessed March 2012] http://lvrimn.com/products/ultracapacitors/docs/200904_whitepaper_ultracapacitorsandhevs.pdf
2. Burke, A., H. Zhao, and E. V. Gelder. 2009. Simulated performance of alternative
hybrid electric power trains in vehicles during various driving cycles. EVS24
International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium, Norway.
Fuel Cells, 1–16.
274
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
Further expansion of dynamic modeling must consider a hybridized
HESS, generally with a DC–DC converter. These systems must accommodate
the operating effects on several highly relevant variables. Effects on current
alone can derive from several sources such as the voltage current characteristics of each energy source, the power converter, and the filter and control
parameters. Models that proposed control generally consider the individual
currents and voltages of each energy source as well as the DC bus voltage,
load current, and duty cycling of power converters. A division of these factors into state, control input, and external disturbance variables is subject to
the model topology and strategy proposed by the designer.
Each topology design as a unique method of integrating ESS devices
requires a separate investigation to develop dynamic stability models. The
transient stability issues that are easily foreseen can also be addressed during this analysis.
6.8 Summary
Supercapacitor systems and their coupling with batteries and/or fuel cells
are discussed in this chapter in terms of experimental tests and theoretical modeling. In particular, modeling these hybrid supercapacitor systems
and their hybridization with primary power sources presented here demonstrates the growing trend toward exploiting the strengths of supercapacitors
to improve isolated batteries and fuel cell systems. High power capabilities
of supercapacitors can improve energy efficiency and lifetimes of costly primary power sources and are expected to improve the long term costs for
some hybrid vehicle types. The increasing demand for implementation of
ESSs in power systems and other applications arises from reduced cost and
will provide greater economic advantages for their inclusion in the future.
References
White Paper. [Acessed March 2012] http://lvrimn.com/products/ultracapacitors/docs/200904_whitepaper_ultracapacitorsandhevs.pdf
2. Burke, A., H. Zhao, and E. V. Gelder. 2009. Simulated performance of alternative
hybrid electric power trains in vehicles during various driving cycles. EVS24
International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium, Norway.
Fuel Cells, 1–16.
274
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
Further expansion of dynamic modeling must consider a hybridized
HESS, generally with a DC–DC converter. These systems must accommodate
the operating effects on several highly relevant variables. Effects on current
alone can derive from several sources such as the voltage current characteristics of each energy source, the power converter, and the filter and control
parameters. Models that proposed control generally consider the individual
currents and voltages of each energy source as well as the DC bus voltage,
load current, and duty cycling of power converters. A division of these factors into state, control input, and external disturbance variables is subject to
the model topology and strategy proposed by the designer.
Each topology design as a unique method of integrating ESS devices
requires a separate investigation to develop dynamic stability models. The
transient stability issues that are easily foreseen can also be addressed during this analysis.
6.8 Summary
Supercapacitor systems and their coupling with batteries and/or fuel cells
are discussed in this chapter in terms of experimental tests and theoretical modeling. In particular, modeling these hybrid supercapacitor systems
and their hybridization with primary power sources presented here demonstrates the growing trend toward exploiting the strengths of supercapacitors
to improve isolated batteries and fuel cell systems. High power capabilities
of supercapacitors can improve energy efficiency and lifetimes of costly primary power sources and are expected to improve the long term costs for
some hybrid vehicle types. The increasing demand for implementation of
ESSs in power systems and other applications arises from reduced cost and
will provide greater economic advantages for their inclusion in the future.
References