71. Kim, C. et al. 2004. Supercapacitor performances of activated carbon fiber
webs prepared by electrospinning of PMDA-ODA poly(amic acid) solutions.
Electrochimica Acta, 50, 883–887.
72. Yan, X. et al. 2011. Fabrication of carbon nanofiber–polyaniline composite flexible paper for supercapacitor. Nanoscale, 3, 212–216.
73. Burke, A. 2007. R&D considerations for performance and application of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 1083–1091.
74. Conway, B. E. V. Birss, and J. Wojtowicz. 1997. The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources,
66, 1–14.
75. Conway, B. E. 1991. Transition from supercapacitor to battery behavior in electrochemical energy storage. Journal of the Electrochemistry Society, 138, 1539–1548.
76. Zhang, L. L. et al. 2009. Manganese oxide–carbon composite as supercapacitor
electrode material. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 123, 260–267.
77. Zheng, J. P. P. J. Cygan, and T. R. Jow. 1995. Hydrous ruthenium oxide as an
electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical
Society, 142, 2699–2703.
78. Jayalakshmi, M. et al. 2007. Hydrothermal synthesis of SnO –V O 5
2
2
mixed oxide
and electrochemical screening of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), V 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 CNTs,
and SnO 2 -V 2 O 5 -CNT electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Journal of Power
Sources, 166, 578–583.
79. Hu, C. C., W. C. Chen, and K. H. Chang. 2004. How to achieve maximum utilization of hydrous ruthenium oxide for supercapacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical
Society, 151, A281–A290.
80. Raistrick, I. D. 1992. Electrochemical capacitors. In Electrochemistry of Semiconductors
and Electronics: Processes and Devices, New York: Noyes, 297–365.
81. Zheng, J. P. 1995. A new charge storage mechanism for electrochemical capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 142, L6–L8.
82. Hu, C. 2004. Effects of substrates on the capacitive performance of RuO x ·nH 2 O
and activated carbon–RuO x electrodes for supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta,
49, 3469–3477.
83. Cottineau, T. et al. 2005. Nanostructured transition metal oxides for aqueous
hybrid electrochemical supercapacitors. Applied Physics A, 82, 599–606.
84. Rajendra Prasad, K. and N. Miura. 2004. Electrochemically synthesized MnO 2
based mixed oxides for high performance redox supercapacitors. Electrochemistry
Communications, 6, 1004–1008.
85. Khomenko, V. et al. 2005. High voltage asymmetric supercapacitors operating
in aqueous electrolyte. Applied Physics A, 82, 567–573.
86. Tomko, T. et al. 2011. Synthesis of boron–nitrogen substituted carbons for aqueous asymmetric capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 56, 5369–5375.
87. Toupin, M. T. Brousse, and D. Belanger. 2004. Charge storage mechanism of
MnO 2 electrode used in aqueous electrochemical capacitor. Chemical Materials,
16, 3184–3190.
88. Toupin, M. T. Brousse, and D. Belanger. 2004. Charge storage mechanism of
MnO 2 electrode used in aqueous electrochemical capacitor. Journal of the
American Chemical Society, 16, 3184–3190.
89. Wang, Y. and I. Zhitomirsky/ 2011. Cathodic electrodeposition of Ag-doped
manganese dioxide films for electrodes of electrochemical supercapacitors.
Materials Letters, 65, 1759–1761.
198
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
webs prepared by electrospinning of PMDA-ODA poly(amic acid) solutions.
Electrochimica Acta, 50, 883–887.
72. Yan, X. et al. 2011. Fabrication of carbon nanofiber–polyaniline composite flexible paper for supercapacitor. Nanoscale, 3, 212–216.
73. Burke, A. 2007. R&D considerations for performance and application of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 1083–1091.
74. Conway, B. E. V. Birss, and J. Wojtowicz. 1997. The role and utilization of pseudocapacitance for energy storage by supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources,
66, 1–14.
75. Conway, B. E. 1991. Transition from supercapacitor to battery behavior in electrochemical energy storage. Journal of the Electrochemistry Society, 138, 1539–1548.
76. Zhang, L. L. et al. 2009. Manganese oxide–carbon composite as supercapacitor
electrode material. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 123, 260–267.
77. Zheng, J. P. P. J. Cygan, and T. R. Jow. 1995. Hydrous ruthenium oxide as an
electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical
Society, 142, 2699–2703.
78. Jayalakshmi, M. et al. 2007. Hydrothermal synthesis of SnO –V O 5
2
2
mixed oxide
and electrochemical screening of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), V 2 O 5 , V 2 O 5 CNTs,
and SnO 2 -V 2 O 5 -CNT electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Journal of Power
Sources, 166, 578–583.
79. Hu, C. C., W. C. Chen, and K. H. Chang. 2004. How to achieve maximum utilization of hydrous ruthenium oxide for supercapacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical
Society, 151, A281–A290.
80. Raistrick, I. D. 1992. Electrochemical capacitors. In Electrochemistry of Semiconductors
and Electronics: Processes and Devices, New York: Noyes, 297–365.
81. Zheng, J. P. 1995. A new charge storage mechanism for electrochemical capacitors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 142, L6–L8.
82. Hu, C. 2004. Effects of substrates on the capacitive performance of RuO x ·nH 2 O
and activated carbon–RuO x electrodes for supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta,
49, 3469–3477.
83. Cottineau, T. et al. 2005. Nanostructured transition metal oxides for aqueous
hybrid electrochemical supercapacitors. Applied Physics A, 82, 599–606.
84. Rajendra Prasad, K. and N. Miura. 2004. Electrochemically synthesized MnO 2
based mixed oxides for high performance redox supercapacitors. Electrochemistry
Communications, 6, 1004–1008.
85. Khomenko, V. et al. 2005. High voltage asymmetric supercapacitors operating
in aqueous electrolyte. Applied Physics A, 82, 567–573.
86. Tomko, T. et al. 2011. Synthesis of boron–nitrogen substituted carbons for aqueous asymmetric capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 56, 5369–5375.
87. Toupin, M. T. Brousse, and D. Belanger. 2004. Charge storage mechanism of
MnO 2 electrode used in aqueous electrochemical capacitor. Chemical Materials,
16, 3184–3190.
88. Toupin, M. T. Brousse, and D. Belanger. 2004. Charge storage mechanism of
MnO 2 electrode used in aqueous electrochemical capacitor. Journal of the
American Chemical Society, 16, 3184–3190.
89. Wang, Y. and I. Zhitomirsky/ 2011. Cathodic electrodeposition of Ag-doped
manganese dioxide films for electrodes of electrochemical supercapacitors.
Materials Letters, 65, 1759–1761.
198
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery