24. Hiraoka, T. et al. 2010. Compact and light supercapacitor electrodes from a
surface-only solid by opened carbon nanotubes with 2200 m 2 .g −1 surface area.
Advanced Functional Materials, 20, 422–428.
25. Kaempgen, M. et al. 2009. Printable thin film supercapacitors using singlewalled carbon nanotubes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 9, 1872–1876.
26. Hu, L. et al. 2009. Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106,
21490–21494.
27. Futaba, D. N. et al. 2006. Shape-engineerable and highly densely packed singlewalled carbon nanotubes and their application as super-capacitor electrodes.
Nature: Materials, 5, 987–994.
28. Niu, C. et al. 1997. High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon
nanotube electrodes. Applied Physics Letters, 70, 1480.
29. Jeong, H. M. et al. 2011. Nitrogen-doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes. Nanoletters,
11, 2472–2477.
30. Ku, K. et al. 2010. Characterization of graphene-based supercapacitors fabricated on Al foils using Au or Pd thin films as interlayers. Synthetic Metals, 160,
2613–2617.
31. Zhu, Y. et al. 2011. Carbon-based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene. Science, 332, 1537–1541.
32. M Technologies, K2 Series Ultracapacitor, p. 4.
33. Ban, S. et al. 2013. Charging and discharging electrochemical supercapacitors in
the presence of both parallel leakage process and electrochemical decomposition of solvent. Electrochimica Acta, 90, 542–549.
34. Ricketts, B. W. 2000. Self-discharge of carbon-based supercapacitors with
organic electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources, 89, 64–69.
35. Conway, B. E. 1999. Electrochemical Supercapacitors. New York: Plenum.
36. Black, J., and H. A. Andreas. 2009. Effects of charge redistribution on self-discharge of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 54, 3568–3574.
37. Oickle, A. M. and H. A. Andreas. 2011. Examination of water electrolysis and
oxygen reduction as self-discharge mechanisms for carbon-based aqueous electrolyte electrochemical capacitors. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 4283–4288.
38. Linden, D. and T. Reddy. 2010. Handbook of Batteries, 4th ed., New York: McGraw
Hill.
39. Lekakou, C. et al. 2011. Carbon-based fibrous EDLC capacitors and supercapacitors. Journal of Nanotechnology, 1–8.
40. Nawa, M., T. Nogami, and H. Mikawa. 1984. Application of activated carbon
fiber fabrics to electrodes of rechargeable battery and organic electrolyte capacitor. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 131, 1457–1459.
41. Xue, R. et al. 2011. Effect of activation on carbon fibers from phenol formaldehyde
resins for electrochemical supercapacitors. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 41,
1357–1366.
42. Xu, B. et al. 2007. Activated carbon fiber cloths as electrodes for high performance electric double-layer capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 52, 4595–4598.
43. Kalpana, D., N. G. Renganathan, and S. Pitchumani. 2006. A new class of alkaline polymer gel electrolyte for carbon aerogel supercapacitors. Journal of Power
Sources, 157, 621–623.
97
Fundamentals of Electrochemical Double-Layer Supercapacitors
surface-only solid by opened carbon nanotubes with 2200 m 2 .g −1 surface area.
Advanced Functional Materials, 20, 422–428.
25. Kaempgen, M. et al. 2009. Printable thin film supercapacitors using singlewalled carbon nanotubes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 9, 1872–1876.
26. Hu, L. et al. 2009. Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106,
21490–21494.
27. Futaba, D. N. et al. 2006. Shape-engineerable and highly densely packed singlewalled carbon nanotubes and their application as super-capacitor electrodes.
Nature: Materials, 5, 987–994.
28. Niu, C. et al. 1997. High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon
nanotube electrodes. Applied Physics Letters, 70, 1480.
29. Jeong, H. M. et al. 2011. Nitrogen-doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes. Nanoletters,
11, 2472–2477.
30. Ku, K. et al. 2010. Characterization of graphene-based supercapacitors fabricated on Al foils using Au or Pd thin films as interlayers. Synthetic Metals, 160,
2613–2617.
31. Zhu, Y. et al. 2011. Carbon-based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene. Science, 332, 1537–1541.
32. M Technologies, K2 Series Ultracapacitor, p. 4.
33. Ban, S. et al. 2013. Charging and discharging electrochemical supercapacitors in
the presence of both parallel leakage process and electrochemical decomposition of solvent. Electrochimica Acta, 90, 542–549.
34. Ricketts, B. W. 2000. Self-discharge of carbon-based supercapacitors with
organic electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources, 89, 64–69.
35. Conway, B. E. 1999. Electrochemical Supercapacitors. New York: Plenum.
36. Black, J., and H. A. Andreas. 2009. Effects of charge redistribution on self-discharge of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 54, 3568–3574.
37. Oickle, A. M. and H. A. Andreas. 2011. Examination of water electrolysis and
oxygen reduction as self-discharge mechanisms for carbon-based aqueous electrolyte electrochemical capacitors. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 4283–4288.
38. Linden, D. and T. Reddy. 2010. Handbook of Batteries, 4th ed., New York: McGraw
Hill.
39. Lekakou, C. et al. 2011. Carbon-based fibrous EDLC capacitors and supercapacitors. Journal of Nanotechnology, 1–8.
40. Nawa, M., T. Nogami, and H. Mikawa. 1984. Application of activated carbon
fiber fabrics to electrodes of rechargeable battery and organic electrolyte capacitor. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 131, 1457–1459.
41. Xue, R. et al. 2011. Effect of activation on carbon fibers from phenol formaldehyde
resins for electrochemical supercapacitors. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 41,
1357–1366.
42. Xu, B. et al. 2007. Activated carbon fiber cloths as electrodes for high performance electric double-layer capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 52, 4595–4598.
43. Kalpana, D., N. G. Renganathan, and S. Pitchumani. 2006. A new class of alkaline polymer gel electrolyte for carbon aerogel supercapacitors. Journal of Power
Sources, 157, 621–623.
97
Fundamentals of Electrochemical Double-Layer Supercapacitors