4. Helmholtz, H. 1853, On the laws of the distribution of electrical currents in
material conductors with application to experiments in animal electricity. 89.
5. Stern, O. 1924. The theory of the electrolytic double shift. Zeitschrift Fur
Elektrochemie Und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, 30, 508–516.
6. Randin, J. P. and E. Yeager. 2001. Differential capacitance study on the edge
orientation of pyrolytic graphite and glassy carbon electrodes. Electroanalytical
Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 58, 313–322.
7. Bockris, J. O., B. E. Conway, and E. Yeager, Eds. 1980. Comprehensive Treatise of
Electrochemistry, New York: Plenum Press.
8. Zhang, L. L. and X. S. Zhao. 2009. Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor
electrodes. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 2520–2531.
9. Davies, A. and A. Yu. 2011. Material advancements in supercapacitors: From
activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene. Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 89, 1342–1357.
10. Burke, A. 2007. R&D considerations for the performance and application of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 1083–1091.
11. Lide, D., Ed. 2009. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th ed., Boca Raton:
CRC Press, 800–900.
12. Lewandowski, A. and M. Galinski. 2007. Practical and theoretical limits for electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 173, 822–828.
13. Barbieri, O. et al. 2005. Capacitance limits of high surface area activated carbons
for double-layer capacitors. Carbon, 43, 1303–1310.
14. Qu, D. 2002. Studies of the activated carbons used in double-layer supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 109, 403–411.
15. Tsay, K.C., L. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2012. Effects of electrode layer composition
and thickness and electrolyte concentration on both specific capacitance and
energy density of supercapacitor. Electrochimica Acta, 60, 428–436.
16. Conway, B. E. 1999. Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and
Technological Applications. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
17. Tanahashi, I., A. Yoshida, and A. Nishino. 1990. Electrochemical characterization of activated carbon fiber cloth polarizable electrodes for electric doublelayer capacitors. 137, 3052–3057.
18. Soffer, A. and M. Folman. 1972. The electrical double-layer of high surface
porous material on carbon electrode. Electroanalytical Chemistry and lnterfacial
Electrochemistry, 38, 25–43.
19. Randin, J. P. and E. Yeager. 1971. Differential capacitance study of stressannealed pyrolytic graphite electrodes, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 118,
711.
20. Evans, S. 1966. Differential capacity measurements at carbon electrodes. Journal
of the Electrochemical Society, 113, 165–168.
21. Gagnon, E. G. 1975. Triangular voltage sweep method for determining doublelayer capacity of porous electrodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 122,
521–525.
22. Kinoshita, K. 1988. Carbon: Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties, New
York, John Wiley & Sons, 294–295.
23. Kinoshita, K. and J. A. S. Bett. 1973. Potentiodynamic analysis of surface oxides
on carbon blacks. Carbon, 11, 403–411.
96
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
material conductors with application to experiments in animal electricity. 89.
5. Stern, O. 1924. The theory of the electrolytic double shift. Zeitschrift Fur
Elektrochemie Und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, 30, 508–516.
6. Randin, J. P. and E. Yeager. 2001. Differential capacitance study on the edge
orientation of pyrolytic graphite and glassy carbon electrodes. Electroanalytical
Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 58, 313–322.
7. Bockris, J. O., B. E. Conway, and E. Yeager, Eds. 1980. Comprehensive Treatise of
Electrochemistry, New York: Plenum Press.
8. Zhang, L. L. and X. S. Zhao. 2009. Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor
electrodes. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 2520–2531.
9. Davies, A. and A. Yu. 2011. Material advancements in supercapacitors: From
activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene. Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 89, 1342–1357.
10. Burke, A. 2007. R&D considerations for the performance and application of electrochemical capacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 53, 1083–1091.
11. Lide, D., Ed. 2009. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th ed., Boca Raton:
CRC Press, 800–900.
12. Lewandowski, A. and M. Galinski. 2007. Practical and theoretical limits for electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 173, 822–828.
13. Barbieri, O. et al. 2005. Capacitance limits of high surface area activated carbons
for double-layer capacitors. Carbon, 43, 1303–1310.
14. Qu, D. 2002. Studies of the activated carbons used in double-layer supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 109, 403–411.
15. Tsay, K.C., L. Zhang, and J. Zhang. 2012. Effects of electrode layer composition
and thickness and electrolyte concentration on both specific capacitance and
energy density of supercapacitor. Electrochimica Acta, 60, 428–436.
16. Conway, B. E. 1999. Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and
Technological Applications. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
17. Tanahashi, I., A. Yoshida, and A. Nishino. 1990. Electrochemical characterization of activated carbon fiber cloth polarizable electrodes for electric doublelayer capacitors. 137, 3052–3057.
18. Soffer, A. and M. Folman. 1972. The electrical double-layer of high surface
porous material on carbon electrode. Electroanalytical Chemistry and lnterfacial
Electrochemistry, 38, 25–43.
19. Randin, J. P. and E. Yeager. 1971. Differential capacitance study of stressannealed pyrolytic graphite electrodes, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 118,
711.
20. Evans, S. 1966. Differential capacity measurements at carbon electrodes. Journal
of the Electrochemical Society, 113, 165–168.
21. Gagnon, E. G. 1975. Triangular voltage sweep method for determining doublelayer capacity of porous electrodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 122,
521–525.
22. Kinoshita, K. 1988. Carbon: Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties, New
York, John Wiley & Sons, 294–295.
23. Kinoshita, K. and J. A. S. Bett. 1973. Potentiodynamic analysis of surface oxides
on carbon blacks. Carbon, 11, 403–411.
96
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery