26
K. D. M. Harris et al.
spatially resolved mapping of the orientational properties of materials, for establishing changes in orientational properties in response to external stimuli, and for
in situ monitoring of physical or chemical processes as a function of time, we fully
anticipate that the XBI technique will find increasing opportunities for applications
in several new areas of materials science in the future.
Acknowledgements The contributions of former Ph.D. students (Dr. Benjamin Palmer,
Dr. Gregory Edwards-Gau, Dr. Anabel Morte-Ródenas, and Dr. Gin-Keat Lim) and several
research collaborators (Dr. Igor Dolbnya, Dr. John Sutter, Dr. Benson Kariuki, Prof. Duncan Bruce,
and Mr. Andrew Malandain) to our work on the development and application of the XBI technique
are gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to Diamond Light Source for the award of significant
amounts of beamtime for XBI experiments on beamline B16. We thank Cardiff University, EPSRC
and Diamond Light Source for financial support.
References
1. Born, M., Wolf, E.: Principles of Optics, 7th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
(1999)
2. Hartshorne, N.H., Stuart, A.: Practical Optical Crystallography. Edward Arnold, London (1969)
3. Kaminsky, W., Claborn, K., Kahr, B.: Polarimetric imaging of crystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 33,
514–525 (2004)
4. Templeton, D.H., Templeton, L.K.: X-ray birefringence and forbidden reflections in sodium
bromate. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 42, 478–481 (1986)
5. Sauvage, M., Malgrange, C., Petroff, J.-F.: Rotatory power measurements in the X-ray range
with synchrotron radiation: experimental set-up and preliminary results for NaBrO 3 single
crystals. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 16, 14–20 (1983)
6. Okitsu, K., Oguchi, T., Maruyama, H., Amemiya, Y.: Faraday effect and X-ray birefringence
at cobalt K-absorption edge with the tunable X-ray polarimeter. Proc. Soc. Photo-opt. Instrum.
Eng. (SPIE) 2873, 100–104 (1996)
7. Mertins, H.-C., Oppeneer, P.M., Valencia, S., Gudat, W., Senf, F., Bressler, P.R.: X-ray natural
birefringence in reflection from graphite. Phys. Rev. B 70, 235106 (2004)
8. Palmer, B.A., Morte-Ródenas, A., Kariuki, B.M., Harris, K.D.M., Collins, S.P.: X-ray
birefringence from a model anisotropic crystal. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 2346–2351 (2011)
9. Palmer, B.A., Edwards-Gau, G.R., Morte-Ródenas, A., Kariuki, B.M., Lim, G.K., Harris,
K.D.M., Dolbnya, I.P., Collins, S.P.: X-ray birefringence: a new strategy for determining
molecular orientation in materials. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 3216–3222 (2012)
10. Joly, Y., Collins, S.P., Grenier, S., Tolentino, H.C.N., De Santis, M.: Birefringence and
polarization rotation in resonant X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. B 86, 220101(R) (2012)
11. Collins, B.A., Cochran, J.E., Yan, H., Gann, E., Hub, C., Fink, R., Wang, C., Schuettfort, T.,
McNeill, C.R., Chabinyc, M.L., Ade, H.: Polarized X-ray scattering reveals non-crystalline
orientational ordering in organic films. Nature Mater. 11, 536–543 (2012)
12. Collins, S.P., Dolbnya, I., Palmer, B.A., Edwards-Gau, G.R., Morte-Ródenas, A., Kariuki,
B.M., Lim, G.K., Harris, K.D.M., Joly, Y.: X-ray birefringence in highly anisotropic materials.
J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 425, 132015 (2013)
13. Brouder, C.: Angular dependence of X-ray absorption spectra. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2,
701–738 (1990)
14. van der Laan, G., Schofield, P.F., Cressey, G., Henderson, C.M.B.: Natural linear dichroism at
the Fe 2p absorption edge of Gillespite. Chem. Phys. Lett. 252, 272–276 (1996)
K. D. M. Harris et al.
spatially resolved mapping of the orientational properties of materials, for establishing changes in orientational properties in response to external stimuli, and for
in situ monitoring of physical or chemical processes as a function of time, we fully
anticipate that the XBI technique will find increasing opportunities for applications
in several new areas of materials science in the future.
Acknowledgements The contributions of former Ph.D. students (Dr. Benjamin Palmer,
Dr. Gregory Edwards-Gau, Dr. Anabel Morte-Ródenas, and Dr. Gin-Keat Lim) and several
research collaborators (Dr. Igor Dolbnya, Dr. John Sutter, Dr. Benson Kariuki, Prof. Duncan Bruce,
and Mr. Andrew Malandain) to our work on the development and application of the XBI technique
are gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to Diamond Light Source for the award of significant
amounts of beamtime for XBI experiments on beamline B16. We thank Cardiff University, EPSRC
and Diamond Light Source for financial support.
References
1. Born, M., Wolf, E.: Principles of Optics, 7th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
(1999)
2. Hartshorne, N.H., Stuart, A.: Practical Optical Crystallography. Edward Arnold, London (1969)
3. Kaminsky, W., Claborn, K., Kahr, B.: Polarimetric imaging of crystals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 33,
514–525 (2004)
4. Templeton, D.H., Templeton, L.K.: X-ray birefringence and forbidden reflections in sodium
bromate. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 42, 478–481 (1986)
5. Sauvage, M., Malgrange, C., Petroff, J.-F.: Rotatory power measurements in the X-ray range
with synchrotron radiation: experimental set-up and preliminary results for NaBrO 3 single
crystals. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 16, 14–20 (1983)
6. Okitsu, K., Oguchi, T., Maruyama, H., Amemiya, Y.: Faraday effect and X-ray birefringence
at cobalt K-absorption edge with the tunable X-ray polarimeter. Proc. Soc. Photo-opt. Instrum.
Eng. (SPIE) 2873, 100–104 (1996)
7. Mertins, H.-C., Oppeneer, P.M., Valencia, S., Gudat, W., Senf, F., Bressler, P.R.: X-ray natural
birefringence in reflection from graphite. Phys. Rev. B 70, 235106 (2004)
8. Palmer, B.A., Morte-Ródenas, A., Kariuki, B.M., Harris, K.D.M., Collins, S.P.: X-ray
birefringence from a model anisotropic crystal. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 2346–2351 (2011)
9. Palmer, B.A., Edwards-Gau, G.R., Morte-Ródenas, A., Kariuki, B.M., Lim, G.K., Harris,
K.D.M., Dolbnya, I.P., Collins, S.P.: X-ray birefringence: a new strategy for determining
molecular orientation in materials. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 3216–3222 (2012)
10. Joly, Y., Collins, S.P., Grenier, S., Tolentino, H.C.N., De Santis, M.: Birefringence and
polarization rotation in resonant X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. B 86, 220101(R) (2012)
11. Collins, B.A., Cochran, J.E., Yan, H., Gann, E., Hub, C., Fink, R., Wang, C., Schuettfort, T.,
McNeill, C.R., Chabinyc, M.L., Ade, H.: Polarized X-ray scattering reveals non-crystalline
orientational ordering in organic films. Nature Mater. 11, 536–543 (2012)
12. Collins, S.P., Dolbnya, I., Palmer, B.A., Edwards-Gau, G.R., Morte-Ródenas, A., Kariuki,
B.M., Lim, G.K., Harris, K.D.M., Joly, Y.: X-ray birefringence in highly anisotropic materials.
J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 425, 132015 (2013)
13. Brouder, C.: Angular dependence of X-ray absorption spectra. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2,
701–738 (1990)
14. van der Laan, G., Schofield, P.F., Cressey, G., Henderson, C.M.B.: Natural linear dichroism at
the Fe 2p absorption edge of Gillespite. Chem. Phys. Lett. 252, 272–276 (1996)