Wernli H, Sprenger M (2007) Identification and ERA-15 climatology of potential vorticity
streamers and cutoffs near the extratropical tropopause. J Atmos Sci 64:1569–1586. https://
doi.org/10.1175/JAS3912.1
Wibig J, Głowicki B (2002) Trends in minimum and maximum temperature in Poland. Clim Res
20:123–133. https//doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3354/cr020123
Wills RC, Schneider T (2015) Stationary eddies and the zonal asymmetry of net precipitation and
ocean freshwater forcing. J Clim 28:5115–5133. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00573.1
Wills RC, Schneider T (2018) Mechanisms setting the strength of orographic Rossby waves across
a wide range of climates in a moist idealized GCM. J Clim 31:7679–7700. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-17-0700.1
Winschall A, Sodemann H, Pfahl S et al (2014) How important is intensified evaporation for
Mediterranean precipitation extremes. J Geophys Res Atmos 119:5240–5256. https://doi.org/
10.1002/2013JD021175
Woollings T, Hoskins BJ, Blackburn M et al (2008) A new Rossby wave–breaking interpretation of
the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Atmos Sci 65:609–626. https://doi.org/10.1175/
2007JAS2347.1
Woollings T, Gregory JM, Pinto JG et al (2012) Response of the North Atlantic storm track to
climate change shaped by ocean–atmosphere coupling. Nat Geosci 5(5):313–317. https://doi.
org/10.1038/ngeo1438
Wu G, Liu Y (2003) Summertime quadruplet heating pattern in the subtropics and the associated
atmospheric circulation. Geophys Res Lett 30:1201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016209
Xoplaki E (2002) Climate variability over the Mediterranean. PhD thesis, University of Bern,
Switzerland. http://sinus.unibe.ch/klimet/docs/phd_xoplaki.pdf
Xoplaki E, Gonzalez-Rouco JF, Luterbacher J et al (2003) Mediterranean summer air temperature
variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and SSTs. Clim Dyn 20
(7):723–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0304-x
Xoplaki E, Gonzalez-Rouco JF, Luterbacher J et al (2004) Wet season Mediterranean precipitation
variability: influence of large-scale dynamics and trends. Clim Dyn 23:63–78. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00382-004-0422-0
Yu B, Lin H (2016) Tropical atmospheric forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation. J
Clim 29:1755–1772. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0583.1
Zappa G, Shaffrey LC, Hodges KI et al (2013) A multimodel assessment of future projections of
North Atlantic and European extratropical cyclones in the CMIP5 climate models. J Clim
26:5846–5862. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLID1200573.1
Zappa G, Hoskins BJ, Shepherd TG (2015) The dependence of wintertime Mediterranean precipitation on the atmospheric circulation response to climate change. Environ Res Lett 10(10).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/104012
Zhang Y, Wallace JM, Battisti BS (1997) ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900–93. J Climate
10:1004–1020. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010%3C1004:ELIV%3E2.0.CO;2
Zhang R, Delworth TL, Held IM (2007) Can the Atlantic Ocean drive the observed multidecadal
variability in Northern Hemisphere mean temperature? Geophys Res Lett 34:L02709. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028683
Zhang WJ, Wang L, Xiang BQ et al (2015) Impacts of two types of La Niña on the NAO during
boreal winter. Clim Dyn 44:1351–1366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2155-z
Ziv B, Kushnir Y, Nakamura J et al (2013) Coupled climate model simulations of Mediterranean
winter cyclones and large-scale flow patterns. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 13:779–793. https://
doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-779-2013
3 Alboran Sea Area Climate and Weather
83
streamers and cutoffs near the extratropical tropopause. J Atmos Sci 64:1569–1586. https://
doi.org/10.1175/JAS3912.1
Wibig J, Głowicki B (2002) Trends in minimum and maximum temperature in Poland. Clim Res
20:123–133. https//doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3354/cr020123
Wills RC, Schneider T (2015) Stationary eddies and the zonal asymmetry of net precipitation and
ocean freshwater forcing. J Clim 28:5115–5133. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00573.1
Wills RC, Schneider T (2018) Mechanisms setting the strength of orographic Rossby waves across
a wide range of climates in a moist idealized GCM. J Clim 31:7679–7700. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-17-0700.1
Winschall A, Sodemann H, Pfahl S et al (2014) How important is intensified evaporation for
Mediterranean precipitation extremes. J Geophys Res Atmos 119:5240–5256. https://doi.org/
10.1002/2013JD021175
Woollings T, Hoskins BJ, Blackburn M et al (2008) A new Rossby wave–breaking interpretation of
the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Atmos Sci 65:609–626. https://doi.org/10.1175/
2007JAS2347.1
Woollings T, Gregory JM, Pinto JG et al (2012) Response of the North Atlantic storm track to
climate change shaped by ocean–atmosphere coupling. Nat Geosci 5(5):313–317. https://doi.
org/10.1038/ngeo1438
Wu G, Liu Y (2003) Summertime quadruplet heating pattern in the subtropics and the associated
atmospheric circulation. Geophys Res Lett 30:1201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016209
Xoplaki E (2002) Climate variability over the Mediterranean. PhD thesis, University of Bern,
Switzerland. http://sinus.unibe.ch/klimet/docs/phd_xoplaki.pdf
Xoplaki E, Gonzalez-Rouco JF, Luterbacher J et al (2003) Mediterranean summer air temperature
variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and SSTs. Clim Dyn 20
(7):723–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0304-x
Xoplaki E, Gonzalez-Rouco JF, Luterbacher J et al (2004) Wet season Mediterranean precipitation
variability: influence of large-scale dynamics and trends. Clim Dyn 23:63–78. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00382-004-0422-0
Yu B, Lin H (2016) Tropical atmospheric forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation. J
Clim 29:1755–1772. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0583.1
Zappa G, Shaffrey LC, Hodges KI et al (2013) A multimodel assessment of future projections of
North Atlantic and European extratropical cyclones in the CMIP5 climate models. J Clim
26:5846–5862. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLID1200573.1
Zappa G, Hoskins BJ, Shepherd TG (2015) The dependence of wintertime Mediterranean precipitation on the atmospheric circulation response to climate change. Environ Res Lett 10(10).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/104012
Zhang Y, Wallace JM, Battisti BS (1997) ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900–93. J Climate
10:1004–1020. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010%3C1004:ELIV%3E2.0.CO;2
Zhang R, Delworth TL, Held IM (2007) Can the Atlantic Ocean drive the observed multidecadal
variability in Northern Hemisphere mean temperature? Geophys Res Lett 34:L02709. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028683
Zhang WJ, Wang L, Xiang BQ et al (2015) Impacts of two types of La Niña on the NAO during
boreal winter. Clim Dyn 44:1351–1366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2155-z
Ziv B, Kushnir Y, Nakamura J et al (2013) Coupled climate model simulations of Mediterranean
winter cyclones and large-scale flow patterns. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 13:779–793. https://
doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-779-2013
3 Alboran Sea Area Climate and Weather
83