Amenazadas), regulated by the Royal Decree 439/1990, under the List of Wild
Species under Special Protection Regime (Listado de Especies Silvestres en Régimen de Protección Especial, LESRPE). Both the Catalogue and the List have been
later on updated in 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2020. In that list, the species
are categorized according to their degree of threat for their persistence and in
accordance to some specific measures for the recovery of their populations. Likewise, and following a similar approach, the Andalusian Catalogue of Endangered
Species (Catálogo Andaluz de Especies Amenazadas) has been elaborated under the
framework of the Andalusian List of Wild Species under Special Protection Regime
(Listado Andaluz de Especies Silvestres en Régimen de Protección Especial,
LAESRPE) (Decree 104/1994 of May 10). Both the List and Catalogue were also
updated in 2003 and 2012.
25.1.3 Marine and Coastal Conservation in the Moroccan
Sector of the Alboran Sea
In Morocco, several institutions are involved in the conservation and management of
its marine biodiversity, including various coordination, management, monitoring
and control institutions. The Moroccan Fourth National Report on Biodiversity
(2009) contains the Moroccan strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of
its biodiversity. Morocco has made great strides in creating an institutional and
legislative framework for the conservation and management of biodiversity. One of
the first steps was done with the legal regulation on maritime fishing of November
23, 1973, and its revisions, which aimed to guarantee the sustainable management of
fishery resources. In this law, it is important to highlight the laws on maritime
fisheries code and on the preservation of marine ecosystems and of the coastline.
The Law 11/2003 represented another step towards conservation, focussing on the
enhancement of the environment in which “Specially Protected Areas” are defined as
those “terrestrial or marine spaces with a particular natural and cultural value within
which measures must be taken for the protection and environmental management.”
A new law on protected areas was adopted in July 2010, and it defines the roles and
responsibilities of the different administrations and the possibility of delegating the
management of these spaces. Regarding the law, the figures of protected spaces are
grouped into the categories of National Park (Parc National), Natural Park (Parc
Naturel), Biological Reserve (Réserve Biologique), Natural Reserve (Réserve
Naturelle) and Natural Site (Site Naturel) (Fig. 25.1) (Mateo-Ramírez et al. 2020a).
Regarding conservation sites, Morocco has developed an initiative to identify
sensitive areas in relation to their ecological functions, such as feeding and/or
breeding sites for the main demersal species, and their richness in biodiversity,
including fauna and flora species that are sometimes unique at the regional level.
These areas, under the responsibility of the Water and Forest Administration, are
declared as Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest (Site d’intérêt Biologique et
826
Á. Mateo-Ramírez et al.
Species under Special Protection Regime (Listado de Especies Silvestres en Régimen de Protección Especial, LESRPE). Both the Catalogue and the List have been
later on updated in 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2020. In that list, the species
are categorized according to their degree of threat for their persistence and in
accordance to some specific measures for the recovery of their populations. Likewise, and following a similar approach, the Andalusian Catalogue of Endangered
Species (Catálogo Andaluz de Especies Amenazadas) has been elaborated under the
framework of the Andalusian List of Wild Species under Special Protection Regime
(Listado Andaluz de Especies Silvestres en Régimen de Protección Especial,
LAESRPE) (Decree 104/1994 of May 10). Both the List and Catalogue were also
updated in 2003 and 2012.
25.1.3 Marine and Coastal Conservation in the Moroccan
Sector of the Alboran Sea
In Morocco, several institutions are involved in the conservation and management of
its marine biodiversity, including various coordination, management, monitoring
and control institutions. The Moroccan Fourth National Report on Biodiversity
(2009) contains the Moroccan strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of
its biodiversity. Morocco has made great strides in creating an institutional and
legislative framework for the conservation and management of biodiversity. One of
the first steps was done with the legal regulation on maritime fishing of November
23, 1973, and its revisions, which aimed to guarantee the sustainable management of
fishery resources. In this law, it is important to highlight the laws on maritime
fisheries code and on the preservation of marine ecosystems and of the coastline.
The Law 11/2003 represented another step towards conservation, focussing on the
enhancement of the environment in which “Specially Protected Areas” are defined as
those “terrestrial or marine spaces with a particular natural and cultural value within
which measures must be taken for the protection and environmental management.”
A new law on protected areas was adopted in July 2010, and it defines the roles and
responsibilities of the different administrations and the possibility of delegating the
management of these spaces. Regarding the law, the figures of protected spaces are
grouped into the categories of National Park (Parc National), Natural Park (Parc
Naturel), Biological Reserve (Réserve Biologique), Natural Reserve (Réserve
Naturelle) and Natural Site (Site Naturel) (Fig. 25.1) (Mateo-Ramírez et al. 2020a).
Regarding conservation sites, Morocco has developed an initiative to identify
sensitive areas in relation to their ecological functions, such as feeding and/or
breeding sites for the main demersal species, and their richness in biodiversity,
including fauna and flora species that are sometimes unique at the regional level.
These areas, under the responsibility of the Water and Forest Administration, are
declared as Sites of Biological and Ecological Interest (Site d’intérêt Biologique et
826
Á. Mateo-Ramírez et al.