There are combination of management measures involving VCL in the case of
tow rake and mechanized dredges that are far to be considered a second best
compared to individual quotas. The latter is because trips do not seem to be
restricting fishing activity (Gréboval and Munro 1999), and they are used combined
with TACs that might intensify the race to fish in this particular case (OECD 1997).
The adoption of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management is mainly
represented by MPAs which include six SPAMI (Alboran Island, Natural Park of
Cabo de Gata-Nijar, Sea Bottom of the Levante of Almeria, Maro-Cerro Gordo
Cliffs, Al Hoceima National Park, and the Habibas Islands), numerous protected
habitats, and large areas where certain fishing gears are forbidden. Additionally, the
EU mandate of creating integrated coastal management plans can represent an
important step toward the ecosystem approach by 2021. However, the performance
of this management approach in Morocco and European countries, in spite of the
principle of European Maritime Policy, is small (Pitcher et al. 2009).
Most of Alboran fisheries are multispecies, multi-specific, and artisanal. It is also
remarkable to observe the coexistence of multiple uses of the Alboran Sea including
tourism, sports, and recreational fishing or shipping, leading to multiple access
conflicts that need to be considered. Consequently, it is important to account for
the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecosystem services by informing and managing
trade-offs among cumulative or competing activities to implement an EBM approach
in the area (Miller et al. 2016). MPA also represents an important successful measure
in the area of sustainability and responds to the principles of EBM. Regarding highly
migratory species of high economic value, further international cooperation together
with individual fishing quotas should be put in place. Some fisheries geographically
well located like bivalves should be managed using TURFs (Selig et al. 2017).
Alboran sea fisheries are subject to significant marine environmental conditions
variability, specially pelagic and semi-pelagic species. This needs to be taken into
consideration by fisheries management plans. These conditions are subject to longterm climate change driving forces as noted in previous section so that uncertainty
forces policy-makers to follow a precautionary approach in fisheries management so
as to guarantee sustainability and to use models that consider environmental variability to forecast future scenarios mixing environmental and human driving forces.
Additionally, the human component must be further considered by incorporating
into the fishery management system the socioeconomic conditions that generally set
reference points mainly based on scientific advice guided by biological
considerations.
An adaptive fishery management can be also an approach to promote for an EBM
approach in the Alboran Sea. Macías et al. (2014) used, for instance, a simulation
modelling tool to account for changing marine conditions, fishing, and socioeconomic conditions to depict future scenarios and to produce sound scientific advice.
Other approaches like Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) could be interesting tools to
support fisheries management in the area (Coll et al. 2016; Piroddi et al. 2017).
22 Fisheries Economics and Management Under the Impact of Human and Varying. . .
771
tow rake and mechanized dredges that are far to be considered a second best
compared to individual quotas. The latter is because trips do not seem to be
restricting fishing activity (Gréboval and Munro 1999), and they are used combined
with TACs that might intensify the race to fish in this particular case (OECD 1997).
The adoption of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management is mainly
represented by MPAs which include six SPAMI (Alboran Island, Natural Park of
Cabo de Gata-Nijar, Sea Bottom of the Levante of Almeria, Maro-Cerro Gordo
Cliffs, Al Hoceima National Park, and the Habibas Islands), numerous protected
habitats, and large areas where certain fishing gears are forbidden. Additionally, the
EU mandate of creating integrated coastal management plans can represent an
important step toward the ecosystem approach by 2021. However, the performance
of this management approach in Morocco and European countries, in spite of the
principle of European Maritime Policy, is small (Pitcher et al. 2009).
Most of Alboran fisheries are multispecies, multi-specific, and artisanal. It is also
remarkable to observe the coexistence of multiple uses of the Alboran Sea including
tourism, sports, and recreational fishing or shipping, leading to multiple access
conflicts that need to be considered. Consequently, it is important to account for
the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecosystem services by informing and managing
trade-offs among cumulative or competing activities to implement an EBM approach
in the area (Miller et al. 2016). MPA also represents an important successful measure
in the area of sustainability and responds to the principles of EBM. Regarding highly
migratory species of high economic value, further international cooperation together
with individual fishing quotas should be put in place. Some fisheries geographically
well located like bivalves should be managed using TURFs (Selig et al. 2017).
Alboran sea fisheries are subject to significant marine environmental conditions
variability, specially pelagic and semi-pelagic species. This needs to be taken into
consideration by fisheries management plans. These conditions are subject to longterm climate change driving forces as noted in previous section so that uncertainty
forces policy-makers to follow a precautionary approach in fisheries management so
as to guarantee sustainability and to use models that consider environmental variability to forecast future scenarios mixing environmental and human driving forces.
Additionally, the human component must be further considered by incorporating
into the fishery management system the socioeconomic conditions that generally set
reference points mainly based on scientific advice guided by biological
considerations.
An adaptive fishery management can be also an approach to promote for an EBM
approach in the Alboran Sea. Macías et al. (2014) used, for instance, a simulation
modelling tool to account for changing marine conditions, fishing, and socioeconomic conditions to depict future scenarios and to produce sound scientific advice.
Other approaches like Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) could be interesting tools to
support fisheries management in the area (Coll et al. 2016; Piroddi et al. 2017).
22 Fisheries Economics and Management Under the Impact of Human and Varying. . .
771