agricultural products is the use of artificial fertilizer (Fig. 6). Although it creates an
increased fertility and more production on poor soils, the added nutrient cause a
decrease in biodiversity as competitive species take over (Bobbink et al. 2010;
Ceulemans et al. 2014). Where innovative techniques in Western society cause a
decrease in artificial fertilizer consumption per hectares, developing countries are
adding a growing amount of artificial fertilizer each year (FAOstat 2019).
Moreover, as most agricultural enterprises are embedded in a competitive and
commercial system, where profits are driving the increase in efficiency and
Fig. 5 Cuscuta epilinum (Universal History Archive/Shutterstock)
418
J. H. J. Schaminée and N. M. van Rooijen