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Concepción ED, Moretti M, Altermatt F, Nobis MP, Obrist KM (2015) Impacts of urbanisation on
biodiversity. the role of species mobility, degree of specialisation and spatial scale. Oikos
124:1571–1582
Cowling RM, Rundel PW, Lamont BB, Arroyo MK, Arianoutsou M (1996) Plant diversity in
mediterranean-climate regions. TREE 11(9):362–366
Davies CE, Moss D, Hill MO (2004) EUNIS habitat classification. European environment agency,
European topic centre on nature protection and biodiversity, pp 221–236
Davies KW, Boyd CS, Beck JL, Bates JD, Svejcar TJ, Gregg MA (2011) Saving the sagebrush sea.
An ecosystem conservation plan for big sagebrush plant communities. Biol Conserv
144:2573–2584
De Oliveira-Filho AT, Shepherd GJ, Martins FR, Stubblebine WH (1989) Environmental factors
affecting physiognomic and floristic variation in an area of cerrado in central Brazil. J Trop Ecol
5:413–443
Diemont H, Kramer K, Hommel P, Härdtle W (2013) Impact of atmospheric N on growth in
heathlands. In: Diemont WH, Heijman WJM, Siepel H, Webb NR (eds) Economy and ecology
of heathlands. KNNV Publishing, Zeit, pp 260–272
Driver A, Desmet P, Rouget M, Cowling R, Maze K (2003) Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Plan.
Biodiversity component technical report. Cape Conservation Unit, Report No CCU 1/03
Botanical Society of South Africa, 1–26
Du Toit JJ, Cumming DHM (1999) Functional significance of ungulate diversity in African
savannas and the ecological implications of the spread of pastoralism. Biodivers Conserv
8:1643–1661
Enright NJ (1989) Heathland vegetation of the spirits bay area, far northern New Zealand. NZ J Ecol
12:63–75
Fagundez J (2013) Heathlands confronting global change. Drivers of biodiversity loss from past to
future scenarios. Ann Bot 111:151–172
Foxcroft LC, Richardson DM (2010) Alien plant invasions in tropical and sub-tropical savannas:
patterns, processes and prospects. Biol Invasions 12:3913–3933
Franklin J, Coulter CL, Rey SJ (2004) Change over 70 years in a southern California chaparral
community related to fire history. J Veg Sci 15:701–710
Fuentes ER, Hoffmann AJ, Poiani A, Alliende MC (1986) Vegetation change in large clearings:
patterns in the Chilean matorral. Oecologia 68:358–366
Georgiadis NJ, Ihwagib F, Olweroc JGN, Romanach SS (2007) Savanna herbivore dynamics in a
livestock-dominated landscape. II. Ecological, conservation, and management implications of
predator restoration. Biol Conserv 137:473–483
Gimingham CH, Chapman SB, Webb NR (1979) European heathland. In: Specht RL
(ed) Ecosystems of the world 9 A. Heathland and related shrublands. Descriptive studies.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 365–399
Glitzenstein J, Platt WJ, Streng DR (1995) Effects of fire regimes and habitat on tree dynamics in
north Florida longleaf pine savannas. Ecol Monogr 65(4):441–476
Goldblatt P (1978) An analysis of the flora of southern Africa. Its characteristics, relationships and
origins. Ann Mo Bot Gard 65:369–436
Griffiths ME, Orians CM (2003) Salt spray differentially affects water status, necrosis, and growth
in costal sandplain heathland species. Am J Bot 90(8):1188–1196
Haerdtle W, von Oheimb G, Gerke AK, Niemeyer M, Niemeyer T, Assmann T, Drees C, Matern A,
Meyer H (2009) Shifts in N and P budgets of heathland ecosystems. Effects of management and
atmospheric inputs. Ecosystems 12:298–310
Hanes TL (1981) California chaparral. In: Di Castri F et al (eds) Mediterranean-type shrublands.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 139–174
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377
list of threatened species 2017. e.T49981813A49981970. http.//dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.
UK.2017-2.RLTS.T49981813A49981970.en. Downloaded on 28 Jan 2019
Concepción ED, Moretti M, Altermatt F, Nobis MP, Obrist KM (2015) Impacts of urbanisation on
biodiversity. the role of species mobility, degree of specialisation and spatial scale. Oikos
124:1571–1582
Cowling RM, Rundel PW, Lamont BB, Arroyo MK, Arianoutsou M (1996) Plant diversity in
mediterranean-climate regions. TREE 11(9):362–366
Davies CE, Moss D, Hill MO (2004) EUNIS habitat classification. European environment agency,
European topic centre on nature protection and biodiversity, pp 221–236
Davies KW, Boyd CS, Beck JL, Bates JD, Svejcar TJ, Gregg MA (2011) Saving the sagebrush sea.
An ecosystem conservation plan for big sagebrush plant communities. Biol Conserv
144:2573–2584
De Oliveira-Filho AT, Shepherd GJ, Martins FR, Stubblebine WH (1989) Environmental factors
affecting physiognomic and floristic variation in an area of cerrado in central Brazil. J Trop Ecol
5:413–443
Diemont H, Kramer K, Hommel P, Härdtle W (2013) Impact of atmospheric N on growth in
heathlands. In: Diemont WH, Heijman WJM, Siepel H, Webb NR (eds) Economy and ecology
of heathlands. KNNV Publishing, Zeit, pp 260–272
Driver A, Desmet P, Rouget M, Cowling R, Maze K (2003) Succulent Karoo Ecosystem Plan.
Biodiversity component technical report. Cape Conservation Unit, Report No CCU 1/03
Botanical Society of South Africa, 1–26
Du Toit JJ, Cumming DHM (1999) Functional significance of ungulate diversity in African
savannas and the ecological implications of the spread of pastoralism. Biodivers Conserv
8:1643–1661
Enright NJ (1989) Heathland vegetation of the spirits bay area, far northern New Zealand. NZ J Ecol
12:63–75
Fagundez J (2013) Heathlands confronting global change. Drivers of biodiversity loss from past to
future scenarios. Ann Bot 111:151–172
Foxcroft LC, Richardson DM (2010) Alien plant invasions in tropical and sub-tropical savannas:
patterns, processes and prospects. Biol Invasions 12:3913–3933
Franklin J, Coulter CL, Rey SJ (2004) Change over 70 years in a southern California chaparral
community related to fire history. J Veg Sci 15:701–710
Fuentes ER, Hoffmann AJ, Poiani A, Alliende MC (1986) Vegetation change in large clearings:
patterns in the Chilean matorral. Oecologia 68:358–366
Georgiadis NJ, Ihwagib F, Olweroc JGN, Romanach SS (2007) Savanna herbivore dynamics in a
livestock-dominated landscape. II. Ecological, conservation, and management implications of
predator restoration. Biol Conserv 137:473–483
Gimingham CH, Chapman SB, Webb NR (1979) European heathland. In: Specht RL
(ed) Ecosystems of the world 9 A. Heathland and related shrublands. Descriptive studies.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 365–399
Glitzenstein J, Platt WJ, Streng DR (1995) Effects of fire regimes and habitat on tree dynamics in
north Florida longleaf pine savannas. Ecol Monogr 65(4):441–476
Goldblatt P (1978) An analysis of the flora of southern Africa. Its characteristics, relationships and
origins. Ann Mo Bot Gard 65:369–436
Griffiths ME, Orians CM (2003) Salt spray differentially affects water status, necrosis, and growth
in costal sandplain heathland species. Am J Bot 90(8):1188–1196
Haerdtle W, von Oheimb G, Gerke AK, Niemeyer M, Niemeyer T, Assmann T, Drees C, Matern A,
Meyer H (2009) Shifts in N and P budgets of heathland ecosystems. Effects of management and
atmospheric inputs. Ecosystems 12:298–310
Hanes TL (1981) California chaparral. In: Di Castri F et al (eds) Mediterranean-type shrublands.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 139–174
Heathland, Scrub and Savanna: Overview, Recent Trends and Outlook
377