Table 1 Examples of historical events and processes
Time/period
(before present
or AD)
Landscape-culture events, trends and
activities
References
3.3–1.5 Mio
Evolution of the genus Homo and other
hominins. Ancient humans most probably lived as hunter-gatherers in semiopen landscapes of Africa. Stone tools
have been found in Africa and the
Middle East.
Ghosh (2015)
1.8 Mio–
600,000
Humans dispersed to Europe, Asia and
Indonesia. Opening of landscapes
using fire and stone tools became possible at least one million years ago.
Poschlod (2015) and Ghosh (2015)
300,000
Use of spears, artefacts from
Schöningen in Germany.
Julien et al. (2015)
170,000
Early clothes used by modern humans
in Africa.
Toups et al. (2011)
132,000–8,000 Megafauna extinctions most probably
related to human activities; c. 177 species of mammals became extinct during
the late Pleistocene and the early
Holocene.
Sandom et al. (2014)
36–14,200
Domestication of ancestors of the gray
wolf to dog long time before Neolithic
Revolution.
Humans in W Asia gathered and consumed wild cereal grains 23,000 years
ago.
Germonpre (2009), Clutton-Brock
(1995), Nadel et al. (2012), Piperno
et al. (2004)
16,000–10,000 Migration of Paleolithic huntergatherers from continental Eurasia
across Beringia and N America to S
America.
Goebel et al. (2008)
9500
Black Sea deluge. There is still debate
as to how fast the Black Sea became
flooded. However, there are many legends about related flood disasters.
Aksu et al. (2016), Poschlod (2015)
1500 AD–
today
81 mammal species have become
extinct in modern times, many of them
within the last 200 years, particularly
on islands and archipelagos. The introduction of neobiota such as the rat and
other predators was one of the main
reasons for the extinction of indigenous
animals on islands.
Erosion of traditional knowledge,
increasing influence of scientific
information
IUCN (iucnredlist.org; ass. 2018/4/
13) and Gleick (2012)
(continued)
10
C. Hobohm
Time/period
(before present
or AD)
Landscape-culture events, trends and
activities
References
3.3–1.5 Mio
Evolution of the genus Homo and other
hominins. Ancient humans most probably lived as hunter-gatherers in semiopen landscapes of Africa. Stone tools
have been found in Africa and the
Middle East.
Ghosh (2015)
1.8 Mio–
600,000
Humans dispersed to Europe, Asia and
Indonesia. Opening of landscapes
using fire and stone tools became possible at least one million years ago.
Poschlod (2015) and Ghosh (2015)
300,000
Use of spears, artefacts from
Schöningen in Germany.
Julien et al. (2015)
170,000
Early clothes used by modern humans
in Africa.
Toups et al. (2011)
132,000–8,000 Megafauna extinctions most probably
related to human activities; c. 177 species of mammals became extinct during
the late Pleistocene and the early
Holocene.
Sandom et al. (2014)
36–14,200
Domestication of ancestors of the gray
wolf to dog long time before Neolithic
Revolution.
Humans in W Asia gathered and consumed wild cereal grains 23,000 years
ago.
Germonpre (2009), Clutton-Brock
(1995), Nadel et al. (2012), Piperno
et al. (2004)
16,000–10,000 Migration of Paleolithic huntergatherers from continental Eurasia
across Beringia and N America to S
America.
Goebel et al. (2008)
9500
Black Sea deluge. There is still debate
as to how fast the Black Sea became
flooded. However, there are many legends about related flood disasters.
Aksu et al. (2016), Poschlod (2015)
1500 AD–
today
81 mammal species have become
extinct in modern times, many of them
within the last 200 years, particularly
on islands and archipelagos. The introduction of neobiota such as the rat and
other predators was one of the main
reasons for the extinction of indigenous
animals on islands.
Erosion of traditional knowledge,
increasing influence of scientific
information
IUCN (iucnredlist.org; ass. 2018/4/
13) and Gleick (2012)
(continued)
10
C. Hobohm