2.1.7 Heathland and Scrub
Ecosystems such as Matorral, Garigue, krummholz, sclerophyllous scrub, Kwongan
(Fig. 5), Fynbos, Cerrado, Caatinga, dominated by woody and/or stem-succulent
plants, including wood-margins, hedges, heath, bushy places, and openings in
woods (p.p.) belong to this group of ecosystems. The vegetation cover is greater
than 30% and the vegetation is dominated by species that typically do not exceed 5 m
maximum height. Single trees may occur.
Different but not all types of tundra are included here. Grassy tundra, Campo
Limpo and Campo Sujo (Brazil) are excluded and included in grassland ecosystems.
Tundra with sparsly vegetated ground is also excluded and included in desert and
rocky ecosystems. However, many types of tundra and savanna are dominated by
dwarf shrubs or shrubs and are included here.
2.1.8 Forest and Woodland
This type of ecosystems includes dark and open forest, woodlands such as Cerradao
in Brazil, and forest plantations. Riverine and swamp forest are included. Savannas
which have a tree cover of more than 10% are also included, but no plantations of
apple trees, olive groves, and other tree plantations that are part of the agricultural
land. Mangroves are also excluded as they normally are formed by species with a
shrubby habit that do not reach a height of 10 m.
Fig. 4 Species-rich meadow in Slovenia, Central Europe, with Melampyrum carstiense (red) and
Rhinanthus aristatus (yellow)
244
C. Hobohm et al.
Ecosystems such as Matorral, Garigue, krummholz, sclerophyllous scrub, Kwongan
(Fig. 5), Fynbos, Cerrado, Caatinga, dominated by woody and/or stem-succulent
plants, including wood-margins, hedges, heath, bushy places, and openings in
woods (p.p.) belong to this group of ecosystems. The vegetation cover is greater
than 30% and the vegetation is dominated by species that typically do not exceed 5 m
maximum height. Single trees may occur.
Different but not all types of tundra are included here. Grassy tundra, Campo
Limpo and Campo Sujo (Brazil) are excluded and included in grassland ecosystems.
Tundra with sparsly vegetated ground is also excluded and included in desert and
rocky ecosystems. However, many types of tundra and savanna are dominated by
dwarf shrubs or shrubs and are included here.
2.1.8 Forest and Woodland
This type of ecosystems includes dark and open forest, woodlands such as Cerradao
in Brazil, and forest plantations. Riverine and swamp forest are included. Savannas
which have a tree cover of more than 10% are also included, but no plantations of
apple trees, olive groves, and other tree plantations that are part of the agricultural
land. Mangroves are also excluded as they normally are formed by species with a
shrubby habit that do not reach a height of 10 m.
Fig. 4 Species-rich meadow in Slovenia, Central Europe, with Melampyrum carstiense (red) and
Rhinanthus aristatus (yellow)
244
C. Hobohm et al.